Synonym
Ketorolac, Toradol, Acular, Sprix, Macril, Acuvail, Lixidol
IUPAC/Chemical Name
5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
InChi Key
OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19)
SMILES Code
O=C(C1C2=CC=C(C(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)N2CC1)O
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO, not in water
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Biological target:
Ketorolac (RS37619) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acting as a nonselective COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 20 nM for COX-1 and 120 nM for COX-2.
In vitro activity:
The anti-cancer activity of Ketorolac salt against DDX3 was tested using oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. This compound significantly down regulated the expression of DDX3 in human OSCC line (H357) and the half maximal growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ketorolac salt in H357 cell line is 2.6 µM. Ketorolac salt also inhibited the ATP hydrolysis by directly interacting with DDX3.
Reference: Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 28;5:9982. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25918862/
In vivo activity:
Intrathecal pretreatment with 60 microg of ketorolac significantly reduced neuronal death and improved hindlimb motor function, and the long-term survival was similar to that in the control rat group. The results suggest that intrathecal ketorolac may be of therapeutic potential for preventing spinal cord ischemic injury during thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.
Reference: Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1134-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15781534/
|
Solvent |
mg/mL |
mM |
| Solubility |
| DMSO |
75.0 |
293.81 |
| Ethanol |
75.0 |
293.81 |
| Water |
75.0 |
293.81 |
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.
Preparing Stock Solutions
The following data is based on the
product
molecular weight
255.27
Batch specific molecular weights may vary
from batch to batch
due to the degree of hydration, which will
affect the solvent
volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass |
1 mg |
5 mg |
10 mg |
| 1 mM |
1.15 mL |
5.76 mL |
11.51 mL |
| 5 mM |
0.23 mL |
1.15 mL |
2.3 mL |
| 10 mM |
0.12 mL |
0.58 mL |
1.15 mL |
| 50 mM |
0.02 mL |
0.12 mL |
0.23 mL |
Formulation protocol:
1. Samal SK, Routray S, Veeramachaneni GK, Dash R, Botlagunta M. Ketorolac salt is a newly discovered DDX3 inhibitor to treat oral cancer. Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 28;5:9982. doi: 10.1038/srep09982. PMID: 25918862; PMCID: PMC4412077.
2. Wen CC, Coyle TL, Jerde TJ, Nakada SY. Ketorolac effectively inhibits ureteral contractility in vitro. J Endourol. 2008 Apr;22(4):739-42. doi: 10.1089/end.2007.9839. PMID: 18324898.
3. Hsieh YC, Liang WY, Tsai SK, Wong CS. Intrathecal ketorolac pretreatment reduced spinal cord ischemic injury in rats. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1134-1139. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000146962.91038.15. PMID: 15781534.
4. Jett MF, Ramesha CS, Brown CD, Chiu S, Emmett C, Voronin T, Sun T, O'Yang C, Hunter JC, Eglen RM, Johnson RM. Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Mar;288(3):1288-97. PMID: 10027870.
In vitro protocol:
1. Samal SK, Routray S, Veeramachaneni GK, Dash R, Botlagunta M. Ketorolac salt is a newly discovered DDX3 inhibitor to treat oral cancer. Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 28;5:9982. doi: 10.1038/srep09982. PMID: 25918862; PMCID: PMC4412077.
2. Wen CC, Coyle TL, Jerde TJ, Nakada SY. Ketorolac effectively inhibits ureteral contractility in vitro. J Endourol. 2008 Apr;22(4):739-42. doi: 10.1089/end.2007.9839. PMID: 18324898.
In vivo protocol:
1. Hsieh YC, Liang WY, Tsai SK, Wong CS. Intrathecal ketorolac pretreatment reduced spinal cord ischemic injury in rats. Anesth Analg. 2005 Apr;100(4):1134-1139. doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000146962.91038.15. PMID: 15781534.
2. Jett MF, Ramesha CS, Brown CD, Chiu S, Emmett C, Voronin T, Sun T, O'Yang C, Hunter JC, Eglen RM, Johnson RM. Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Mar;288(3):1288-97. PMID: 10027870.
1: Lawuyi LE, Gurbaxani A. The clinical utility of new combination phenylephrine/ketorolac injection in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015 Jul 10;9:1249-54. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S72321. eCollection 2015. Review. PubMed PMID: 26203214; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4506037.
2: Chan DK, Parikh SR. Perioperative ketorolac increases post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in adults but not children. Laryngoscope. 2014 Aug;124(8):1789-93. doi: 10.1002/lary.24555. Epub 2014 May 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 24338331.
3: Ketorolac for Pain Management: A Review of the Clinical Evidence [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2014 Jun 30. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK254117/ PubMed PMID: 25473708.
4: Baley K, Michalov K, Kossick MA, McDowell M. Intravenous acetaminophen and intravenous ketorolac for management of pediatric surgical pain: a literature review. AANA J. 2014 Feb;82(1):53-64. Review. PubMed PMID: 24654353.
5: Jalkut MK. Ketorolac as an analgesic agent for infants and children after cardiac surgery: safety profile and appropriate patient selection. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2014 Jan-Mar;25(1):23-30; quiz 31-2. doi: 10.1097/NCI.0000000000000002. Review. PubMed PMID: 24441450.
6: Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A, Campbell S, Villa-Roel C, Rowe BH. Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review. Headache. 2013 Feb;53(2):277-87. doi: 10.1111/head.12009. Epub 2013 Jan 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 23298250.
7: He A, Hersh EV. A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Dec;28(12):1873-80. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2012.744302. Epub 2012 Nov 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 23098098.
8: Garnock-Jones KP. Intranasal ketorolac: for short-term pain management. Clin Drug Investig. 2012 Jun 1;32(6):361-71. doi: 10.2165/11209240-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 22574632.
9: Wynn RL. Ketorolac nasal spray--a new formulation of this non-narcotic pain reliever. Gen Dent. 2012 Mar-Apr;60(2):90-2. Review. PubMed PMID: 22414499.
10: Yilmaz T, Cordero-Coma M, Gallagher MJ. Ketorolac therapy for the prevention of acute pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). 2012 Feb;26(2):252-8. doi: 10.1038/eye.2011.296. Epub 2011 Nov 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 22094296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3272202.
11: De Oliveira GS Jr, Agarwal D, Benzon HT. Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2012 Feb;114(2):424-33. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182334d68. Epub 2011 Sep 29. Review. PubMed PMID: 21965355.
12: McCormack PL. Ketorolac 0.45% ophthalmic solution. Drugs Aging. 2011 Jul 1;28(7):583-9. doi: 10.2165/11207450-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 21721602.
13: Sinha VR, Kumar RV, Singh G. Ketorolac tromethamine formulations: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009 Sep;6(9):961-75. doi: 10.1517/17425240903116006. Review. PubMed PMID: 19663721.
14: Mattei P, Barnaby K. Rapid regression of duodenal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor after intravenous ketorolac: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Jun;43(6):1196-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.01.012. Review. PubMed PMID: 18558206.
15: Schechter BA. Ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% as a treatment for allergic conjuctivitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008 Apr;4(4):507-11. doi: 10.1517/17425255.4.4.507 . Review. PubMed PMID: 18433352.
16: Arora S, Wagner JG, Herbert M. Myth: parenteral ketorolac provides more effective analgesia than oral ibuprofen. CJEM. 2007 Jan;9(1):30-2. Review. PubMed PMID: 17391598.
17: Perry HD, Donnenfeld ED. An update on the use of ophthalmic ketorolac tromethamine 0.4%. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jan;7(1):99-107. Review. PubMed PMID: 16370927.
18: Fiedler MA. Clinical implications of ketorolac for postoperative analgesia. J Perianesth Nurs. 1997 Dec;12(6):426-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 9464032.
19: Gerancher JC, Waterer R, Middleton J. Transient paraparesis after postdural puncture spinal hematoma in a patient receiving ketorolac. Anesthesiology. 1997 Feb;86(2):490-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 9054268.
20: Gillis JC, Brogden RN. Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management. Drugs. 1997 Jan;53(1):139-88. Review. PubMed PMID: 9010653.
