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MedKoo Cat#: 314201 | Name: SKQ1 ethanol solution
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

SKQ1, also known as Visomitin plastoquinonyl decyltriphenyl phosphonium or PDTP, is a potent mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. SKQ1 is also an API for making eye drop drug called Visomitin. SKQ1 showed activities (1) to prevent amyloid-β-induced impairment of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices; (2) to reverse aging-related biomarkers in rats; (3) to slow down the development of age-dependent destructive processes in retina and vascular layer of eyes of wistar and OXYS rats; (4) to increase the lifespan of male rodents under LP or SPF conditions. SKQ1 can penetrate cell membranes , and is proposed as an anti-aging treatment. Visomitin, which API is SKQ1, is currently under clinical trials for treating glaucoma in Russia. Note: For the convenience of use, SKQ1 is supplied as solution of 200mg / mL in ethanol-water (1:1, v/v).

Chemical Structure

SKQ1 ethanol solution
SKQ1 ethanol solution
CAS#934826-68-3 (bromide)

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 314201

Name: SKQ1 ethanol solution

CAS#: 934826-68-3 (bromide)

Chemical Formula: C36H42BrO2P

Exact Mass: 0.0000

Molecular Weight: 617.61

Elemental Analysis: C, 70.01; H, 6.85; Br, 12.94; O, 5.18; P, 5.02

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
10mg USD 90.00 Ready to ship
25mg USD 180.00 Ready to ship
50mg USD 315.00 Ready to ship
100mg USD 550.00 Ready to ship
200mg USD 950.00 Ready to ship
500mg USD 2,050.00 Ready to ship
1g USD 3,650.00 Ready to ship
2g USD 6,450.00 Ready to ship
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Related CAS #
934826-68-3 (bromide) 934960-96-0 (cation) 1372443-45-2 (chloride) 1372443-48-5 (sulfate) 714085-40-1 (iodide)
Synonym
SKQ1; SKQ-1; SKQ 1; PDTP; Plastoquinonyl decyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide; Visomitin;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
(10-(4,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)decyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide
InChi Key
WYHFWTRUGAFNKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C36H42O2P.BrH/c1-29-30(2)36(38)31(28-35(29)37)20-12-7-5-3-4-6-8-19-27-39(32-21-13-9-14-22-32,33-23-15-10-16-24-33)34-25-17-11-18-26-34;/h9-11,13-18,21-26,28H,3-8,12,19-20,27H2,1-2H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
SMILES Code
O=C(C(CCCCCCCCCC[P+](C1=CC=CC=C1)(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3)=C4)C(C)=C(C)C4=O.[Br-]
Appearance
Yellow to light brown in ethanol solution (SKQ1, in pure form is a yellow to brown waxy / sticky and highly hydroscopic solid)
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis), supplied as 200 mg/mL solution in ethanol-wate (1:1, v/v).
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO and ethanol.
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO or ethanol.
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Related CAS# CAS#934826-68-3 (SKQ1 bromide); CAS#934960-96-0 (SKQ1 cation) Recent Work on SkQ1 and Vascular Inflammation: SkQ1 is a mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, and there is evidence to show that it can modestly extend life in mice. Mitochondria are important in the aging process, and one of the ways in which they interact with surrounding cell biology is by generating damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Too much ROS creation can harm a cell, a state called oxidative stress. Just a little more than usual can be beneficial, as the cell reacts with increased housekeeping for a net benefit - this is probably one of the mechanisms by which exercise improves health, for example. This signaling is a parallel mechanism to the most important harm likely caused by mitochondrial ROS, however, which is to damage mitochondrial DNA at their point of origin. This can lead to all sorts of persistent dysfunction in a small population of cells, which export harmful molecules to surrounding tissues. Mitochondrial antioxidants probably produce benefits to long term health by reducing the rate of this mitochondrial damage, but that isn't completely certain at this point because of the ROS signaling to other important aspects of cell metabolism. Biology is complex, and as for all small effects on longevity, the actual mechanism could be any one of a number of things.  So these researchers are making use of SkQ1 as a way to better identify what exactly it is that changes in response to ROS levels, with a focus on dysfunction in blood vessel wall tissue (the vascular endothelium) that leads to age-related conditions such as atherosclerosis. (copied from https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2014/09/recent-work-on-skq1-and-vascular-inflammation.php).      
Biological target:
SKQ1 is a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant with the high mitochondrion membrane penetrating ability and potent antioxidant capability.
In vitro activity:
The results of this study suggest that SKQ1 nanoparticles have great potential as a new treatment for dry eye disease (DED). Compared with free SKQ1, SKQ1 nanoparticles exhibited significantly higher cytosolic- and mitochondrial-ROS scavenging activity (1.7 and 1.9 times compared to levels of the free SKQ1 group), thus exerting a better in vitro protective effect against H2O2-induced cell death in human corneal epithelial cells. Reference: J Control Release. 2023 Nov 18;365:1-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37972763/
In vivo activity:
At low concentrations, SKQ1 can prevent or alleviate Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology in OXYS rats. This study confirms that dietary supplementation with SKQ1 in OXYS rats (aged 12-18 months) during the active progression of AD-like pathology suppresses its advancement. The beneficial effects of SKQ1 are linked to the suppression of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway activity in the hippocampus. Reference: Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 28;9(8):676. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32731533/
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
DMSO 100.0 161.92
Ethanol 50.0 80.96
Water 3.3 5.39
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 617.61 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Huang B, Zhang N, Qiu X, Zeng R, Wang S, Hua M, Li Q, Nan K, Lin S. Mitochondria-targeted SkQ1 nanoparticles for dry eye disease: Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA oxidation. J Control Release. 2023 Nov 18;365:1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.021. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37972763. 2. Bazhin AV, Yang Y, D'Haese JG, Werner J, Philippov PP, Karakhanova S. The novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 modulates angiogenesis and inflammatory micromilieu in a murine orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;139(1):130-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30054. Epub 2016 Apr 4. PMID: 26914404. 3. Muraleva NA, Stefanova NA, Kolosova NG. SkQ1 Suppresses the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway Involved in Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in OXYS Rats. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 28;9(8):676. doi: 10.3390/antiox9080676. PMID: 32731533; PMCID: PMC7463502.
In vitro protocol:
1. Huang B, Zhang N, Qiu X, Zeng R, Wang S, Hua M, Li Q, Nan K, Lin S. Mitochondria-targeted SkQ1 nanoparticles for dry eye disease: Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial DNA oxidation. J Control Release. 2023 Nov 18;365:1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.021. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37972763.
In vivo protocol:
1. Bazhin AV, Yang Y, D'Haese JG, Werner J, Philippov PP, Karakhanova S. The novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 modulates angiogenesis and inflammatory micromilieu in a murine orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer. 2016 Jul 1;139(1):130-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30054. Epub 2016 Apr 4. PMID: 26914404. 2. Muraleva NA, Stefanova NA, Kolosova NG. SkQ1 Suppresses the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway Involved in Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in OXYS Rats. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Jul 28;9(8):676. doi: 10.3390/antiox9080676. PMID: 32731533; PMCID: PMC7463502.
1: Delfinis LJ, Khajehzadehshoushtar S, Flewwelling LD, Andrews NJ, Garibotti MC, Gandhi S, Brahmbhatt AN, Morris BA, Garlisi B, Lauks S, Aitken C, Tsitkanou S, Simpson JA, Greene NP, Cheng AJ, Petrik J, Perry CGR. Mitochondrial-targeted plastoquinone therapy ameliorates early onset muscle weakness that precedes ovarian cancer cachexia in mice. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Oct 25:2024.10.22.619751. doi: 10.1101/2024.10.22.619751. PMID: 39484418; PMCID: PMC11526977. 2: Somayajulu M, Wright R, Muhammed F, McClellan SA, Ibrahim A, Hazlett LD. PM10 dysregulates epithelial barrier function in human corneal epithelial cells that is restored by antioxidant SKQ1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024 Nov;492:117122. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117122. Epub 2024 Oct 9. PMID: 39393465; PMCID: PMC11563859. 3: Tsitkanou S, Morena da Silva F, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Muhyudin R, Koopmans PJ, Khadgi S, Lim S, Delfinis LJ, Washington TA, Murach KA, Perry CGR, Greene NP. Mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1 attenuates C26 cancer-induced muscle wasting in males and improves muscle contractility in female tumor-bearing mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2024 Nov 1;327(5):C1308-C1322. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00497.2024. Epub 2024 Sep 30. PMID: 39344417; PMCID: PMC11559642. 4: Xu J, Li Y, Yao S, Jin X, Yang M, Guo Q, Qiu R, Lei B. Preservation of Mitochondrial Function by SkQ1 in Skin Fibroblasts Derived from Patients with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Is Associated with the PINK1/PRKN-Mediated Mitophagy. Biomedicines. 2024 Sep 4;12(9):2020. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12092020. PMID: 39335534; PMCID: PMC11428814. 5: Huan H, Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Chernyak BV. Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation is necessary but not sufficient for induction of ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024 Sep 11;12:1452824. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1452824. PMID: 39324070; PMCID: PMC11422198. 6: Liu B, Chen L, Gao M, Dai M, Zheng Y, Qu L, Zhang J, Gong G. A comparative study of the efficiency of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants MitoTEMPO and SKQ1 under oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Nov 1;224:117-129. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.022. Epub 2024 Aug 22. PMID: 39178922. 7: Chernyavskij DA, Lyamzaev KG, Pletjushkina OY, Chen F, Karpukhina A, Vassetzky YS, Chernyak BV, Popova EN. Mitochondrial fragmentation in early differentiation of human MB135 myoblasts: Role of mitochondrial ROS production in the absence of depolarization. Life Sci. 2024 Oct 1;354:122941. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122941. Epub 2024 Aug 2. PMID: 39098595. 8: Jabůrek M, Klöppel E, Průchová P, Mozheitova O, Tauber J, Engstová H, Ježek P. Mitochondria to plasma membrane redox signaling is essential for fatty acid β-oxidation-driven insulin secretion. Redox Biol. 2024 Sep;75:103283. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103283. Epub 2024 Jul 23. PMID: 39067330; PMCID: PMC11332078. 9: Tam E, Nguyen K, Sung HK, Sweeney G. MitoNEET preserves muscle insulin sensitivity during iron overload by regulating mitochondrial iron, reactive oxygen species and fission. FEBS J. 2024 Sep;291(18):4062-4075. doi: 10.1111/febs.17214. Epub 2024 Jun 30. PMID: 38944692. 10: McClellan SA, Wright R, Muhammed F, Hazlett LD. Impact of Airborne Exposure to PM10 Increases Susceptibility to P. aeruginosa Infection. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 May 31;21(6):722. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21060722. PMID: 38928968; PMCID: PMC11203766. 11: Lyamzaev KG, Huan H, Panteleeva AA, Simonyan RA, Avetisyan AV, Chernyak BV. Exogenous Iron Induces Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation, Lipofuscin Accumulation, and Ferroptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Biomolecules. 2024 Jun 19;14(6):730. doi: 10.3390/biom14060730. PMID: 38927133; PMCID: PMC11201805. 12: Nazarov PA, Maximov VS, Firsov AM, Karakozova MV, Panfilova V, Kotova EA, Skulachev MV, Antonenko YN. Rhodamine 19 Alkyl Esters as Effective Antibacterial Agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 2;25(11):6137. doi: 10.3390/ijms25116137. PMID: 38892325; PMCID: PMC11173286. 13: Ghosh S, Spoorthi BC, Banerjee P, Saha I, Dua TK, Sahu R, Maiti AK. 10-(6-Plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium imparts anti-colitogenic protection through recovery of mitochondrial dysfunction in ulcerated murine colon: Implications in ulcerative colitis. Life Sci. 2024 Jul 1;348:122700. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122700. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38724004. 14: Li Z, Zhang Y, Cao J, Xing X, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Lin S, Wu Z, Li Z, Huang S. Supplementation of SkQ1 Increases Mouse In Vitro Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Embryonic Development by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Apr 2;17(4):455. doi: 10.3390/ph17040455. PMID: 38675415; PMCID: PMC11054663. 15: Nazarov PA, Zinovkina LA, Brezgunova AA, Lyamzaev KG, Golovin AV, Karakozova MV, Kotova EA, Plotnikov EY, Zinovkin RA, Skulachev MV, Antonenko YN. Relationship of Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Effects of Triphenylphosphonium Conjugates with Various Quinone Derivatives. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2024 Feb;89(2):212-222. doi: 10.1134/S0006297924020032. PMID: 38622091. 16: Muraleva NA, Zhdankina AA, Fursova AZ, Kolosova NG. Retinoprotective Effect of SkQ1, Visomitin Eye Drops, Is Associated with Suppression of P38 MAPK and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways Activity. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2024 Feb;89(2):201-211. doi: 10.1134/S0006297924020020. PMID: 38622090. 17: Somayajulu M, Muhammed FS, Wright R, McClellan SA, Hazlett LD. Mechanisms of PM10 Disruption of the Nrf2 Pathway in Cornea. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar 28;25(7):3754. doi: 10.3390/ijms25073754. PMID: 38612568; PMCID: PMC11011424. 18: Zaparina O, Kovner A, Petrova V, Kolosova N, Mordvinov V, Pakharukova M. Plastoquinone-Derivative SkQ1 Improved the Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia during Liver Fluke Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Feb 17;46(2):1593-1606. doi: 10.3390/cimb46020103. PMID: 38392221; PMCID: PMC10887543. 19: Golenkina EA, Viryasova GM, Galkina SI, Kondratenko ND, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Lyamzaev KG, Chernyak BV, Sud'ina GF. Redox processes are major regulators of leukotriene synthesis in neutrophils exposed to bacteria Salmonella typhimurium; the way to manipulate neutrophil swarming. Front Immunol. 2024 Feb 7;15:1295150. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1295150. PMID: 38384456; PMCID: PMC10880102. 20: Rogov AG, Goleva TN, Aliverdieva DA, Zvyagilskaya RA. SkQ3 Exhibits the Most Pronounced Antioxidant Effect on Isolated Rat Liver Mitochondria and Yeast Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 16;25(2):1107. doi: 10.3390/ijms25021107. PMID: 38256179; PMCID: PMC10816539.