MedKoo Cat#: 464077 | Name: Homidium Cl

Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Homidium Chloride is the chloride salt of ethidium (a fluorochrome), Ethidium Chloride intercalates within double-stranded nucleic acids, particularly DNA. In molecular biology, the bromide salt of ethidium is used to detect and visualize DNA after electrophoresis or in cytochemical preparations. In veterinary pharmacology, it is used as a trypanosomicide. Ethidium bromide and chloride are toxic substances and potent noncompetitive antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Chemical Structure

Homidium Cl
Homidium Cl
CAS#602-52-8 (Cl)

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 464077

Name: Homidium Cl

CAS#: 602-52-8 (Cl)

Chemical Formula: C21H20ClN3

Exact Mass:

Molecular Weight: 349.86

Elemental Analysis: C, 72.09; H, 5.76; Cl, 10.13; N, 12.01

Price and Availability

This product is currently not in stock but may be available through custom synthesis. To ensure cost efficiency, the minimum order quantity is 1 gram. The estimated lead time is 2 to 4 months, with pricing dependent on the complexity of the synthesis (typically high for intricate chemistries). Quotes for quantities below 1 gram will not be provided. To request a quote, please click the button below. Note: If this product becomes available in stock in the future, pricing will be listed accordingly.
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Synonym
Homidium chloride; Babidium chloride; Ethidium chloride; NSC 522843; NSC522843; NSC-522843; NSC-84423; NSC84423; NSC 84423;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium chloride
InChi Key
BITVSRNAFFZUFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C21H19N3.ClH/c1-2-24-20-13-16(23)9-11-18(20)17-10-8-15(22)12-19(17)21(24)14-6-4-3-5-7-14;/h3-13,23H,2,22H2,1H3;1H
SMILES Code
CC[n+](c(c1ccccc1)c2c3ccc(N)c2)c4c3ccc(N)c4.[Cl-]
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO 0.0 100.00
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 349.86 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
1: Latif AA, Ntantiso L, De Beer C. African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Strategic treatment of cattle on a farm in endemic area. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2019 May 30;86(1):e1-e6. doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1639. PMID: 31170783; PMCID: PMC6556924. 2: Mekonnen G, Mohammed EF, Kidane W, Nesibu A, Yohannes H, Van Reet N, Büscher P, Birhanu H. Isometamidium chloride and homidium chloride fail to cure mice infected with Ethiopian Trypanosoma evansi type A and B. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Sep 12;12(9):e0006790. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006790. PMID: 30208034; PMCID: PMC6152993. 3: Gillingwater K, Kunz C, Braghiroli C, Boykin DW, Tidwell RR, Brun R. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Activities of Diamidines against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Apr 24;61(5):e02356-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02356-16. PMID: 28193658; PMCID: PMC5404523. 4: Sutcliffe OB, Skellern GG, Araya F, Cannavan A, Sasanya JJ, Dungu B, van Gool F, Münstermann S, Mattioli RC. Animal trypanosomosis: making quality control of trypanocidal drugs possible. Rev Sci Tech. 2014 Dec;33(3):813-30. doi: 10.20506/rst.33.3.2320. PMID: 25812206. 5: Adeyemi OS, Sulaiman FA. Biochemical and morphological changes in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats treated with homidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;23(4):179-83. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0018. PMID: 23072845. 6: Sulaiman FA, Adeyemi OS. Changes in haematological indices and protein concentrations in Trypanosoma brucei infected rats treated with homidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. EXCLI J. 2010 Feb 16;9:39-45. PMID: 29255386; PMCID: PMC5698901. 7: Kagira JM, Maina N. Occurrence of multiple drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolated from sleeping sickness patients. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2007 Mar;74(1):17-22. doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v74i1.135. PMID: 17708149. 8: Jamal S, Sigauque I, Macuamule C, Neves L, Penzhorn BL, Marcotty T, Van Den Bossche P. The susceptibility of Trypanosoma congolense isolated in Zambézia Province, Mozambique, to isometamidium chloride, diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2005 Dec;72(4):333-8. doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v72i4.190. PMID: 16562737. 9: Olila D, McDermott JJ, Eisler MC, Mitema ES, Patzelt RJ, Clausen PH, Poetzsch CJ, Zessin KH, Mehlitz D, Peregrine AS. Drug sensitivity of trypanosome populations from cattle in a peri-urban dairy production system in Uganda. Acta Trop. 2002 Oct;84(1):19-30. doi: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00137-7. PMID: 12387907. 10: Mulugeta W, Wilkes J, Mulatu W, Majiwa PA, Masake R, Peregrine AS. Long-term occurrence of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium in cattle at Ghibe, Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 1997 Apr 15;64(3-4):205-17. doi: 10.1016/s0001-706x(96)00645-6. PMID: 9107367. 11: Murilla GA, Mdachi RE, Ismail AA, Karanja WM. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of 14C homidium after parenteral administration to Boran cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Apr;19(2):142-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00027.x. PMID: 8735423. 12: Codjia V, Mulatu W, Majiwa PA, Leak SG, Rowlands GJ, Authié E, d'Ieteren GD, Peregrine AS. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe valley, southwest Ethiopia. 3. Occurrence of populations of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium. Acta Trop. 1993 Apr;53(2):151-63. doi: 10.1016/0001-706x(93)90026-8. PMID: 8098900. 13: Sekoni VO. Effect of novidium (homidium chloride) chemotherapy on genital lesions induced by Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense infections in Zebu bulls. Br Vet J. 1990 Mar-Apr;146(2):181-5. doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(90)90012-R. PMID: 2331596. 14: Zweygarth E, Röttcher D. Efficacy of experimental trypanocidal compounds against a multiple drug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei stock in mice. Parasitol Res. 1989;75(3):178-82. doi: 10.1007/BF00931271. PMID: 2710771. 15: Perschke H, Vollner L. Determination of the trypanocidal drugs homidium, isometamidium and quinapyramine in bovine serum or plasma using HPLC. Acta Trop. 1985 Sep;42(3):209-16. PMID: 2865876. 16: Rae PF, Luckins AG. Detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens by enzyme immunoassay. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1984 Dec;78(6):587-96. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1984.11811869. PMID: 6532328. 17: Luckins AG, Rae PF, Gray AR. Infection, immunity and the development of local skin reactions in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted stocks of Trypanosoma congolense. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1983 Dec;77(6):569-82. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1983.11811755. PMID: 6660964. 18: Luckins AG, Mehlitz D. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantification of immunoglobulins in the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1978 Aug;10(3):149-59. doi: 10.1007/BF02235328. PMID: 360539. 19: Jones-Davies WJ. Diminazine aceturate and homidium chloride. Resistance in tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomes of cattle in Northern Nigeria. Vet Rec. 1968 Oct 26;83(17):433-7. doi: 10.1136/vr.83.17.433. PMID: 5748769.