1: Gerardo CJ, Carter RW, Kumar S, Shirazi FM, Kotehal SD, Akpunonu PD, Bhalla A, Schwartz RB, Bammigatti C, Manikath N, Mukherjee PP, Arnold TC, Wolk BJ, S Sheikh S, Sollee DR, Vearrier DJ, Francis SJ, Aizenberg A, Kumar H, Ravikumar MK, Sarkar S, Haston T, Micciche A, Oomman SC, Owen JL, Ritter BA, Samuel SP, Lewin MR, Platts-Mills TF. Oral varespladib for the treatment of snakebite envenoming in India and the USA (BRAVO): a phase II randomised clinical trial. BMJ Glob Health. 2024 Oct 22;9(10):e015985. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015985. PMID: 39442939; PMCID: PMC11499837.
2: Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Carter RW, Ritchey J, Bulfone T, Gutiérrez JM, Williams DJ, Durkin DM, Stephens SI, Lewin MR. Oral and IV Varespladib Rescue Experiments in Juvenile Pigs with Weakness Induced by Australian and Papuan Oxyuranus scutellatus Venoms. Toxins (Basel). 2023 Sep 7;15(9):557. doi: 10.3390/toxins15090557. PMID: 37755983; PMCID: PMC10537020.
3: Carter RW, Gerardo CJ, Samuel SP, Kumar S, Kotehal SD, Mukherjee PP, Shirazi FM, Akpunonu PD, Bammigatti C, Bhalla A, Manikath N, Platts-Mills TF, Lewin MR; BRAVO Study Group. The BRAVO Clinical Study Protocol: Oral Varespladib for Inhibition of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming. Toxins (Basel). 2022 Dec 28;15(1):22. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010022. PMID: 36668842; PMCID: PMC9862656.
4: Lewin MR, Carter RW, Matteo IA, Samuel SP, Rao S, Fry BG, Bickler PE. Varespladib in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming: Development History and Preclinical Evidence Supporting Advancement to Clinical Trials in Patients Bitten by Venomous Snakes. Toxins (Basel). 2022 Nov 11;14(11):783. doi: 10.3390/toxins14110783. PMID: 36422958; PMCID: PMC9695340.
5: Maciel FV, Ramos Pinto ÊK, Valério Souza NM, Gonçalves de Abreu TA, Ortolani PL, Fortes-Dias CL, Garrido Cavalcante WL. Varespladib (LY315920) prevents neuromuscular blockage and myotoxicity induced by crotoxin on mouse neuromuscular preparations. Toxicon. 2021 Oct 30;202:40-45. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.009. Epub 2021 Sep 22. PMID: 34562493.
6: Batsika CS, Gerogiannopoulou AD, Mantzourani C, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. The design and discovery of phospholipase A2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021 Nov;16(11):1287-1305. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942835. Epub 2021 Jul 15. PMID: 34143707.
7: Kim RR, Chen Z, Mann TJ, Bastard K, F Scott K, Church WB. Structural and Functional Aspects of Targeting the Secreted Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2. Molecules. 2020 Sep 28;25(19):4459. doi: 10.3390/molecules25194459. PMID: 32998383; PMCID: PMC7583969.
8: Gutiérrez JM, Lewin MR, Williams DJ, Lomonte B. Varespladib (LY315920) and Methyl Varespladib (LY333013) Abrogate or Delay Lethality Induced by Presynaptically Acting Neurotoxic Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Feb 20;12(2):131. doi: 10.3390/toxins12020131. PMID: 32093386; PMCID: PMC7076770.
9: Williams HF, Layfield HJ, Vallance T, Patel K, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Vaiyapuri S. The Urgent Need to Develop Novel Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebites. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Jun 20;11(6):363. doi: 10.3390/toxins11060363. PMID: 31226842; PMCID: PMC6628419.
10: Santoso A, Heriansyah T, Rohman MS. Phospholipase A2 is an Inflammatory Predictor in Cardiovascular Diseases: Is there any Spacious Room to Prove the Causation? Curr Cardiol Rev. 2020;16(1):3-10. doi: 10.2174/1573403X15666190531111932. PMID: 31146670; PMCID: PMC7393598.
11: Mouchlis VD, Armando A, Dennis EA. Substrate-Specific Inhibition Constants for Phospholipase A2 Acting on Unique Phospholipid Substrates in Mixed Micelles and Membranes Using Lipidomics. J Med Chem. 2019 Feb 28;62(4):1999-2007. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01568. Epub 2019 Feb 4. PMID: 30615445; PMCID: PMC6398150.
12: Bittenbinder MA, Zdenek CN, Op den Brouw B, Youngman NJ, Dobson JS, Naude A, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. Coagulotoxic Cobras: Clinical Implications of Strong Anticoagulant Actions of African Spitting Naja Venoms That Are Not Neutralised by Antivenom but Are by LY315920 (Varespladib). Toxins (Basel). 2018 Dec 4;10(12):516. doi: 10.3390/toxins10120516. PMID: 30518149; PMCID: PMC6316626.
13: Lewin MR, Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Bickler PE, Gutiérrez JM. Delayed LY333013 (Oral) and LY315920 (Intravenous) Reverse Severe Neurotoxicity and Rescue Juvenile Pigs from Lethal Doses of Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake) Venom. Toxins (Basel). 2018 Nov 17;10(11):479. doi: 10.3390/toxins10110479. PMID: 30453607; PMCID: PMC6265968.
14: Bryan-Quirós W, Fernández J, Gutiérrez JM, Lewin MR, Lomonte B. Neutralizing properties of LY315920 toward snake venom group I and II myotoxic phospholipases A2. Toxicon. 2019 Jan;157:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.292. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30447275.
15: Lewin MR, Gutiérrez JM, Samuel SP, Herrera M, Bryan-Quirós W, Lomonte B, Bickler PE, Bulfone TC, Williams DJ. Delayed Oral LY333013 Rescues Mice from Highly Neurotoxic, Lethal Doses of Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) Venom. Toxins (Basel). 2018 Sep 20;10(10):380. doi: 10.3390/toxins10100380. PMID: 30241297; PMCID: PMC6215158.
16: Lewin M, Samuel S, Merkel J, Bickler P. Varespladib (LY315920) Appears to Be a Potent, Broad-Spectrum, Inhibitor of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 and a Possible Pre-Referral Treatment for Envenomation. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Aug 25;8(9):248. doi: 10.3390/toxins8090248. PMID: 27571102; PMCID: PMC5037474.
17: Guo Y, Li B, Xu X, Wu R, Li W. sPLA2-IIA Augments Oxidized LDL-Induced MCP-1 Expression in Vitro Through Activation of Akt. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(4):1345-54. doi: 10.1159/000430255. Epub 2015 Oct 22. PMID: 26488172.
18: Rosenson RS, Hurt-Camejo E. Phospholipase A2 enzymes and the risk of atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2012 Dec;33(23):2899-909. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs148. Epub 2012 Jul 15. PMID: 22802388.
19: Nicholls SJ, Cavender MA, Kastelein JJ, Schwartz G, Waters DD, Rosenson RS, Bash D, Hislop C. Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A(2) in patients with acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the vascular inflammation suppression to treat acute coronary syndrome for 16 weeks (VISTA-16) trial. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2012 Feb;26(1):71-5. doi: 10.1007/s10557-011-6358-9. PMID: 22109255.
20: Rosenson RS, Fraser H, Goulder MA, Hislop C. Anti-inflammatory effects of varespladib methyl in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2011 Dec;25(6):539-44. doi: 10.1007/s10557-011-6344-2. PMID: 21989792.