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MedKoo Cat#: 326818 | Name: Ponazuril
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Ponazuril, also known as Toltrazuril sulfone, is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Veterinarians have prepared a formulary version of the medication for use in small animals such as cats and dogs against coccidia, an intestinal parasite. Coccidia treatment is far shorter than treatment for EPM.

Chemical Structure

Ponazuril
Ponazuril
CAS#69004-04-2

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 326818

Name: Ponazuril

CAS#: 69004-04-2

Chemical Formula: C18H14F3N3O6S

Exact Mass: 457.0555

Molecular Weight: 457.38

Elemental Analysis: C, 47.27; H, 3.09; F, 12.46; N, 9.19; O, 20.99; S, 7.01

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
10mg USD 425.00 2 Weeks
50mg USD 650.00 2 Weeks
100mg USD 900.00 2 Weeks
250mg USD 1,350.00 2 Weeks
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Related CAS #
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Synonym
BAY-Vi 9143; BAY-Vi-9143; BAY-Vi9143; Ponazuril; Toltrazuril sulfone; Marquis.
IUPAC/Chemical Name
1-Methyl-3-(4-(p-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenoxy)-m-tolyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione.
InChi Key
VBUNOIXRZNJNAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C18H14F3N3O6S/c1-10-9-11(24-16(26)22-15(25)23(2)17(24)27)3-8-14(10)30-12-4-6-13(7-5-12)31(28,29)18(19,20)21/h3-9H,1-2H3,(H,22,25,26)
SMILES Code
O=C1N(C2=CC=C(OC3=CC=C(S(=O)(C(F)(F)F)=O)C=C3)C(C)=C2)C(NC(N1C)=O)=O
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Toltrazuril sulfone (Ponazuril) is a metabolite of Toltrazuril (HY-B0175), with antiprotozoal activity.
In vitro activity:
Ponazuril inhibited development of N. caninum after approximately 48 h post-exposure. Treated tachyzoites of N. caninum developed vacuoles and underwent degeneration. Ponazuril also inhibited development of merozoites of S. neurona. Treated merozoites and maturing schizonts of S. neurona developed vacuoles and underwent degeneration. The ability of S. neurona schizonts to undergo cytokinesis was inhibited. Reference: J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2005 May-Jun;52(3):231-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15926999/
In vivo activity:
Mice given 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight ponazuril 1 day before infection and then daily for 10 days were completely protected against acute toxoplasmosis. Relapse did not occur after prophylactic treatments were stopped. Toxoplasma gondii DNA could not be detected in the brains of these mice using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred percent of mice treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg ponazuril at 3 days after infection and then daily for 10 days were protected from fatal toxoplasmosis. Sixty percent of mice treated with 10 mg/kg ponazuril at 6 days after infection and 100% of mice treated with 20 mg/kg or 50 mg ponazuril 6 days after infection and then daily for 10 days were protected from fatal toxoplasmosis. Relapse did not occur after treatments were stopped. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in the brains of some, but not all, of these mice using PCR. The results demonstrate that ponazuril is effective in preventing and treating toxoplasmosis in mice. Reference: J Parasitol. 2004 Jun;90(3):639-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15270113/
Solvent mg/mL mM comments
Solubility
DMF 30.0 65.59
DMSO 55.0 120.25
Ethanol 30.0 65.59
Ethanol:PBS (pH 7.2) (1:20) 0.0 0.09
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 457.38 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Zhang L, Zhang H, Du S, Song X, Hu D. In Vitro Transcriptional Response of Eimeria tenella to Toltrazuril Reveals That Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Contribute to Its Anticoccidial Effect. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 6;24(9):8370. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098370. PMID: 37176073; PMCID: PMC10179680. 2. Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Davis WL, Kennedy TJ, Lindsay DS. The effects of ponazuril on development of apicomplexans in vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2005 May-Jun;52(3):231-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00029.x. PMID: 15926999. 3. Billeter SA, Spencer JA, Chobotar B, Blagburn BL. Ponazuril inhibits the development of Eimeria vermiformis in experimentally infected outbred Swiss mice. Parasitol Res. 2005 Feb;95(3):172-5. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1263-9. Epub 2004 Dec 23. PMID: 15616859. 4. Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Davis WL, Lindsay DS. Efficacy of ponazuril in vitro and in preventing and treating Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice. J Parasitol. 2004 Jun;90(3):639-42. doi: 10.1645/GE-250R. PMID: 15270113.
In vitro protocol:
1. Zhang L, Zhang H, Du S, Song X, Hu D. In Vitro Transcriptional Response of Eimeria tenella to Toltrazuril Reveals That Oxidative Stress and Autophagy Contribute to Its Anticoccidial Effect. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 6;24(9):8370. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098370. PMID: 37176073; PMCID: PMC10179680. 2. Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Davis WL, Kennedy TJ, Lindsay DS. The effects of ponazuril on development of apicomplexans in vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2005 May-Jun;52(3):231-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00029.x. PMID: 15926999.
In vivo protocol:
1. Billeter SA, Spencer JA, Chobotar B, Blagburn BL. Ponazuril inhibits the development of Eimeria vermiformis in experimentally infected outbred Swiss mice. Parasitol Res. 2005 Feb;95(3):172-5. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1263-9. Epub 2004 Dec 23. PMID: 15616859. 2. Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Davis WL, Lindsay DS. Efficacy of ponazuril in vitro and in preventing and treating Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice. J Parasitol. 2004 Jun;90(3):639-42. doi: 10.1645/GE-250R. PMID: 15270113.
1: Weerarathne P, Reichard M, Miller C, Scimeca RC. The Establishment of a Novel In Vitro System for Culturing Cytauxzoon felis. Pathogens. 2024 Jul 4;13(7):565. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13070565. PMID: 39057792; PMCID: PMC11279574. 2: Yuan Y, Yang L, Zhao Q, Xiong L, Yang M, Suo X, Hao Z. Ponazuril: Clinical efficacy, ultrastructure, and histopathology studies of in vivo anticoccidial action against Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol. 2024 Feb;326:110098. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110098. Epub 2023 Dec 18. PMID: 38194736. 3: McEntire MS, Landolfi JA, Adkesson MJ, Papich MG, Sander SJ, Roy L, Talley A, Vincent L, Allender MC. THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ORAL PONAZURIL IN THE TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC ISOSPOROSIS IN PASSERINE BIRDS. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2023 Oct;54(3):561-572. doi: 10.1638/2022-0091. PMID: 37817622. 4: Falconnier N, Warshaw M, Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Howe DK, Taylor H, Langohr IM, Ard MB, Paulsen DB, Sasaki E, Mitchell MS, Carossino M. Systemic Caryospora-like coccidiosis in a clutch of hatchling red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Vet Pathol. 2024 Jan;61(1):95-108. doi: 10.1177/03009858231179129. Epub 2023 Jun 12. PMID: 37306029. 5: Wang W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Nie J, Hu D, Yang W, Shen Y, Cui X, Ding H, Li L, Huang X. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and excretion of ponazuril in piglets. Front Vet Sci. 2022 Dec 7;9:1054417. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1054417. PMID: 36570513; PMCID: PMC9768325. 6: MacKay RJ, Howe DK. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2022 Aug;38(2):249-268. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.05.003. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35810151. 7: Huo M, Ma W, Zhou K, Xu X, Liu Z, Huang L. Migration and toxicity of toltrazuril and its main metabolites in the environment. Chemosphere. 2022 Sep;302:134888. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134888. Epub 2022 May 10. PMID: 35561774. 8: Burlison C, Cox S, Smith J, Stokes J, Whittemore JC, DeBolt B. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered single-dose ponazuril in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2022 May;45(3):229-234. doi: 10.1111/jvp.13047. Epub 2022 Mar 20. PMID: 35307837; PMCID: PMC9311793. 9: Li B, Wang Y, Feng Y, Yuan D, Xu R, Jiang C, Xiao X, Lu S. Design and molecular insights of drug-active metabolite based co-amorphous formulation: A case study of toltrazuril-ponazuril co-amorphous. Int J Pharm. 2022 Mar 5;615:121475. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121475. Epub 2022 Jan 15. PMID: 35041914. 10: Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman JB, DeBolt B. The influence of storage time on ponazuril concentrations in feline plasma. PeerJ. 2021 Nov 26;9:e12516. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12516. PMID: 34900432; PMCID: PMC8628618. 11: Jacobson ER, Stacy NI, Mader DR, Moretti R, Zirkelbach B, Carlile O, O'Connor CD, Caperton KJ, Maxwell LK. Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after administration of a single oral dose to green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Vet Q. 2021 Dec;41(1):323-331. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2021.2008045. PMID: 34789079; PMCID: PMC8667943. 12: Dahlström M, Madjid N, Nordvall G, Halldin MM, Vazquez-Juarez E, Lindskog M, Sandin J, Winblad B, Eriksdotter M, Forsell P. Identification of Novel Positive Allosteric Modulators of Neurotrophin Receptors for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction. Cells. 2021 Jul 23;10(8):1871. doi: 10.3390/cells10081871. PMID: 34440640; PMCID: PMC8391421. 13: Cox S, Harvill L, Singleton S, Bergman J, DeBolt B. Bioanalytical RP-HPLC method for the determination of ponazuril in plasma. Biomed Chromatogr. 2021 Dec;35(12):e5210. doi: 10.1002/bmc.5210. Epub 2021 Jul 16. PMID: 34216023. 14: Zec SH, Papich MG, Oehler DA, Hills K, Schmid S, Huth K, Dodge DMS, Paré JA. PHARMACOKINETICS OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF PONAZURIL IN THE INDIAN PEAFOWL (PAVO CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021 Jun;52(2):548-554. doi: 10.1638/2020-0026. PMID: 34130397. 15: Rivas AE, Conley K, Seimon TA, Hollinger C, Knych H, Moore RP, Paré JA. SARCOCYSTOSIS IN A CAPTIVE FLOCK OF THICK-BILLED PARROTS (RHYNCHOPSITTA PACHYRHYNCHA) FROM 2005 TO 2016: MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, DIAGNOSTICS, AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021 Apr;52(1):206-216. doi: 10.1638/2020-0044. PMID: 33827178. 16: Furr M, Kennedy T. Effects of coadministration of corn oil and ponazuril on serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ponazuril in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2020 May;34(3):1321-1324. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15765. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PMID: 32301131; PMCID: PMC7255669. 17: Strong SJ, Gookin JL, Correa MT, Banks RE. Interventions and observations associated with survival of orphaned shelter kittens undergoing treatment for diarrhea. J Feline Med Surg. 2020 Apr;22(4):292-298. doi: 10.1177/1098612X19840459. Epub 2019 Mar 28. PMID: 30920335; PMCID: PMC10814671. 18: Benge SL, Heinrichs MT, Crevasse SE, Mahjoub B, Peloquin CA, Wellehan JFX Jr. A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF PROLONGED ABSORPTION RATE OF PONAZURIL IN RED- FOOTED TORTOISES, CHELONOIDIS CARBONARIA. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2018 Sep;49(3):802-805. doi: 10.1638/2017-0178.1. PMID: 30212324. 19: Stilwell JM, Stilwell NK, Stacy NI, Wellehan JFX, Farina LL. EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN HOST RANGE OF INTRANUCLEAR COCCIDIOSIS: INFECTION IN THREE CAPTIVE RED-FOOTED TORTOISES ( CHELONOIDIS CARBONARIA). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2017 Dec;48(4):1165-1171. doi: 10.1638/2017-0068.1. PMID: 29297806. 20: Stock ML, Elazab ST, Hsu WH. Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Apr;41(2):184-194. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12450. Epub 2017 Aug 17. PMID: 28833212.