Synonym
PD-MY 003; PD-MY-003; PD-MY003; Hydroethidine; Dihydroethidium
IUPAC/Chemical Name
5-ethyl-5,6-dihydro-6-phenyl-3,8-phenanthridinediamine
InChi Key
XYJODUBPWNZLML-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C21H21N3/c1-2-24-20-13-16(23)9-11-18(20)17-10-8-15(22)12-19(17)21(24)14-6-4-3-5-7-14/h3-13,21H,2,22-23H2,1H3
SMILES Code
NC1=CC=C2C3=C(C=C(N)C=C3)C(C4=CC=CC=C4)N(CC)C2=C1
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO, not in water
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Biological target:
Dihydroethidium (Hydroethidine; PD-MY 003) is a superoxide indicator; exhibits blue-fluorescence in the cytosol until oxidized, where it intercalates within the cell's DNA, staining its nucleus a bright fluorescent red (Ex/Em=518/616 nm).
In vitro activity:
Subsequently, the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, GPX4, SLC7A11 and Nrf2, which are indicators of ferroptosis, were measured by a dihydroethidium fluorescent dye probe, biochemical kit, western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Reference: Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 19;13:967151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36341347/
In vivo activity:
Furthermore, DHE (dihydroethidium) probe technology was used to analyze changes in ROS levels. The results showed that the ROS levels in the livers of the mice in the OXA group were increased in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 7E).
Reference: Mol Med Rep. 2022 Nov;26(5):346. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36177905/
|
Solvent |
mg/mL |
mM |
comments |
| Solubility |
| DMF |
0.5 |
1.59 |
|
| DMSO |
41.7 |
132.10 |
|
| DMSO:PBS (pH 7.2) (1:1) |
0.5 |
1.59 |
|
| Ethanol |
1.1 |
3.57 |
|
| Water |
0.7 |
2.12 |
|
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.
Preparing Stock Solutions
The following data is based on the
product
molecular weight
315.42
Batch specific molecular weights may vary
from batch to batch
due to the degree of hydration, which will
affect the solvent
volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass |
1 mg |
5 mg |
10 mg |
| 1 mM |
1.15 mL |
5.76 mL |
11.51 mL |
| 5 mM |
0.23 mL |
1.15 mL |
2.3 mL |
| 10 mM |
0.12 mL |
0.58 mL |
1.15 mL |
| 50 mM |
0.02 mL |
0.12 mL |
0.23 mL |
Formulation protocol:
1. Tan W, Dai F, Yang D, Deng Z, Gu R, Zhao X, Cheng Y. MiR-93-5p promotes granulosa cell apoptosis and ferroptosis by the NF-kB signaling pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 19;13:967151. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967151. PMID: 36341347; PMCID: PMC9626535.
2. Pinelis V, Krasilnikova I, Bakaeva Z, Surin A, Boyarkin D, Fisenko A, Krasilnikova O, Pomytkin I. Insulin Diminishes Superoxide Increase in Cytosol and Mitochondria of Cultured Cortical Neurons Treated with Toxic Glutamate. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 20;23(20):12593. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012593. PMID: 36293449; PMCID: PMC9604026.
3. Zhu C, Cheng X, Gao P, Gao Q, Wang X, Liu D, Ren X, Zhang C. Model establishment and microarray analysis of mice with oxaliplatin‑induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Mol Med Rep. 2022 Nov;26(5):346. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12862. Epub 2022 Sep 30. PMID: 36177905; PMCID: PMC9551404.
4. Liu T, Li CY, Chen H, Liu J, Zhong LL, Tang MM, Wang WB, Huang JP, Jiang XS. tBHQ attenuates podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation via the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Heliyon. 2022 Sep 6;8(9):e10515. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10515. PMID: 36119860; PMCID: PMC9479023.
In vitro protocol:
1. Tan W, Dai F, Yang D, Deng Z, Gu R, Zhao X, Cheng Y. MiR-93-5p promotes granulosa cell apoptosis and ferroptosis by the NF-kB signaling pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 19;13:967151. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967151. PMID: 36341347; PMCID: PMC9626535.
2. Pinelis V, Krasilnikova I, Bakaeva Z, Surin A, Boyarkin D, Fisenko A, Krasilnikova O, Pomytkin I. Insulin Diminishes Superoxide Increase in Cytosol and Mitochondria of Cultured Cortical Neurons Treated with Toxic Glutamate. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 20;23(20):12593. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012593. PMID: 36293449; PMCID: PMC9604026.
In vivo protocol:
1. Zhu C, Cheng X, Gao P, Gao Q, Wang X, Liu D, Ren X, Zhang C. Model establishment and microarray analysis of mice with oxaliplatin‑induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Mol Med Rep. 2022 Nov;26(5):346. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12862. Epub 2022 Sep 30. PMID: 36177905; PMCID: PMC9551404.
2. Liu T, Li CY, Chen H, Liu J, Zhong LL, Tang MM, Wang WB, Huang JP, Jiang XS. tBHQ attenuates podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation via the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Heliyon. 2022 Sep 6;8(9):e10515. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10515. PMID: 36119860; PMCID: PMC9479023.
1: Michalski R, Michalowski B, Sikora A, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. On the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging and dihydroethidium to detect superoxide in intact animals and ex vivo tissues: a reassessment. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Feb;67:278-84. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.816. Epub 2013 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 24200598; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4275029.
2: Chen J, Rogers SC, Kavdia M. Analysis of kinetics of dihydroethidium fluorescence with superoxide using xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine assay. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Feb;41(2):327-37. doi: 10.1007/s10439-012-0653-x. Epub 2012 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 22965641; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3544990.
3: Laurindo FR, Fernandes DC, Santos CX. Assessment of superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity by HPLC analysis of dihydroethidium oxidation products. Methods Enzymol. 2008;441:237-60. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)01213-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 18554538.
4: Peshavariya HM, Dusting GJ, Selemidis S. Analysis of dihydroethidium fluorescence for the detection of intracellular and extracellular superoxide produced by NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Res. 2007 Jun;41(6):699-712. PubMed PMID: 17516243.
5: Burnaugh L, Sabeur K, Ball BA. Generation of superoxide anion by equine spermatozoa as detected by dihydroethidium. Theriogenology. 2007 Feb;67(3):580-9. Epub 2006 Oct 12. PubMed PMID: 17045638.
6: Fink B, Laude K, McCann L, Doughan A, Harrison DG, Dikalov S. Detection of intracellular superoxide formation in endothelial cells and intact tissues using dihydroethidium and an HPLC-based assay. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Oct;287(4):C895-902. Epub 2004 Aug 11. PubMed PMID: 15306539.
7: Yu F, Sugawara T, Chan PH. Treatment with dihydroethidium reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Brain Res. 2003 Jul 18;978(1-2):223-7. PubMed PMID: 12834917.
