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MedKoo Cat#: 464498 | Name: Polygalacic Acid
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Polygalacic acid is a triterpenoid saponin that has been found in P. grandiflorum with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. It scavenges peroxyl and peroxynitrite radicals in total oxidant-scavenging capacity (TOSC) assays when used at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 µM. Polygalacic acid (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg) reverses scopolamine-induced increases in escape latency and decreases in the time spent in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze, decreases in hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) levels, increases in hippocampal IL-1β and IL-10 levels, and decreases in brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in mice.

Chemical Structure

Polygalacic Acid
Polygalacic Acid
CAS#22338-71-2

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 464498

Name: Polygalacic Acid

CAS#: 22338-71-2

Chemical Formula: C30H48O6

Exact Mass: 504.3451

Molecular Weight: 504.71

Elemental Analysis: C, 71.39; H, 9.59; O, 19.02

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
1mg USD 450.00 2 Weeks
5mg USD 950.00 2 Weeks
10mg USD 1,650.00 2 Weeks
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Related CAS #
No Data
Synonym
Polygalacic Acid; Virgaureagenin G;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
(4aR,5R,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11S,12aR,12bR,14bS)-5,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14b-octadecahydropicene-4a(2H)-carboxylic acid
InChi Key
KGGGRGBDMBZXKF-PWFIOIGMSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C30H48O6/c1-25(2)11-12-30(24(35)36)18(13-25)17-7-8-21-26(3)14-19(32)23(34)27(4,16-31)20(26)9-10-28(21,5)29(17,6)15-22(30)33/h7,18-23,31-34H,8-16H2,1-6H3,(H,35,36)/t18-,19-,20+,21+,22+,23-,26-,27-,28+,29+,30+/m0/s1
SMILES Code
O[C@H]1[C@H](C[C@@]2([C@]3(CC=C4[C@@]5(CC(C)(CC[C@@]5([C@@H](C[C@]4([C@@]3(CC[C@]2([C@@]1(CO)C)[H])C)C)O)C(O)=O)C)[H])[H])C)O
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
To be determined
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
To be determined
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Polygalacic acid inhibits MMP expression.
In vitro activity:
In vitro, rat chondrocytes were induced with interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and treated with different concentrations of polygalacic acid; real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to evaluate the expressions of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, and COX-2. To investigate the underlying mechanism, this study found that polygalacic acid suppressed both the IL-1β-induced activation of Wnt/β-catenin and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway in chondrocytes. These results suggest that polygalacic acid may have a therapeutic effect in OA treatment. Reference: Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Oct;63:246-252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30119032/
In vivo activity:
PA (polygalacic acid) (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice for fourteen days, and scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for fourteen days to induce memory impairment. Treatment with scopolamine significantly increased the escape latency time, decreased the number of crossings, and shortened the time spent in the target quadrant, while PA reversed these scopolamine-induced effects. PA significantly improved cholinergic system reactivity, as indicated by decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and elevated levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. PA significantly ameliorated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in mice. Reference: Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):149-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26926176/
Solvent mg/mL mM comments
Solubility
DMSO 75.0 48.60
Ethanol 55.0 108.97
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 504.71 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Xu K, Ma C, Xu L, Ran J, Jiang L, He Y, Adel Abdo Moqbel S, Wang Z, Wu L. Polygalacic acid inhibits MMPs expression and osteoarthritis via Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK signal pathways suppression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Oct;63:246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.013. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30119032. 2. Guo C, Shen J, Meng Z, Yang X, Li F. Neuroprotective effects of polygalacic acid on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.009. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26926176.
In vitro protocol:
1. Xu K, Ma C, Xu L, Ran J, Jiang L, He Y, Adel Abdo Moqbel S, Wang Z, Wu L. Polygalacic acid inhibits MMPs expression and osteoarthritis via Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK signal pathways suppression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Oct;63:246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.013. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30119032. 2. Guo C, Shen J, Meng Z, Yang X, Li F. Neuroprotective effects of polygalacic acid on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.009. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26926176.
In vivo protocol:
1. Xu K, Ma C, Xu L, Ran J, Jiang L, He Y, Adel Abdo Moqbel S, Wang Z, Wu L. Polygalacic acid inhibits MMPs expression and osteoarthritis via Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK signal pathways suppression. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018 Oct;63:246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.013. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30119032. 2. Guo C, Shen J, Meng Z, Yang X, Li F. Neuroprotective effects of polygalacic acid on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.009. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26926176.
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Phytotoxic triterpene saponins from Bellis longifolia, an endemic plant of Crete. Phytochemistry. 2017 Dec;144:71-77. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Sep 8. PMID: 28892660. 5: Guo C, Shen J, Meng Z, Yang X, Li F. Neuroprotective effects of polygalacic acid on scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. Phytomedicine. 2016 Feb 15;23(2):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.009. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26926176. 6: Tao J, Hou Y, Ma X, Liu D, Tong Y, Zhou H, Gao J, Bai G. An integrated global chemomics and system biology approach to analyze the mechanisms of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Eriobotrya japonica - Fritillaria usuriensis dropping pills for pulmonary diseases. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 Jan 8;16:4. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0983-y. PMID: 26742634; PMCID: PMC4705596. 7: Wu AG, Wong VK, Xu SW, Chan WK, Ng CI, Liu L, Law BY. Onjisaponin B derived from Radix Polygalae enhances autophagy and accelerates the degradation of mutant α-synuclein and huntingtin in PC-12 cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Nov 15;14(11):22618-41. doi: 10.3390/ijms141122618. PMID: 24248062; PMCID: PMC3856081. 8: Laurençon L, Sarrazin E, Chevalier M, Prêcheur I, Herbette G, Fernandez X. Triterpenoid saponins from the aerial parts of Solidago virgaurea alpestris with inhibiting activity of Candida albicans yeast-hyphal conversion. Phytochemistry. 2013 Feb;86:103-11. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.10.004. Epub 2012 Nov 5. PMID: 23137724. 9: Ryu CS, Kim CH, Lee SY, Lee KS, Choung KJ, Song GY, Kim BH, Ryu SY, Lee HS, Kim SK. Evaluation of the total oxidant scavenging capacity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chem. 2012 May 1;132(1):333-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.086. Epub 2011 Oct 31. PMID: 26434298. 10: Zhan Q, Zhang F, Sun L, Wu Z, Chen W. Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids from Platycodi Radix and anti-proliferative activity in HSC-T6 cells. Molecules. 2012 Dec 13;17(12):14899-907. doi: 10.3390/molecules171214899. PMID: 23519261; PMCID: PMC6268675. 11: Hernández-Carlos B, González-Coloma A, Orozco-Valencia AU, Ramírez-Mares MV, Andrés-Yeves MF, Joseph-Nathan P. Bioactive saponins from Microsechium helleri and Sicyos bulbosus. Phytochemistry. 2011 Jun;72(8):743-51. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.022. Epub 2011 Mar 23. PMID: 21439597. 12: Choi YH, Yoo DS, Cha MR, Choi CW, Kim YS, Choi SU, Lee KR, Ryu SY. Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells. J Nat Prod. 2010 Nov 29;73(11):1863-7. doi: 10.1021/np100496p. Epub 2010 Oct 12. PMID: 20939516. 13: Feng XD, Gao GW, Huang HX. [Research on the quality changes in pre-and-post- processed pieces of Radix Polygalae]. Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 Jun;31(6):818-20. Chinese. PMID: 18998562. 14: Fu WW, Hou WB, Dou DQ, Hua HM, Gui MH, Fu R, Chen YJ, Pei YH. [Saponins of polygalacic acid type from Platycodon grandiflorum]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2006 Apr;41(4):358-60. Chinese. PMID: 16856483. 15: Bader G, Seibold M, Tintelnot K, Hiller K. Cytotoxicity of triterpenoid saponins. Part 2: Relationships between the structures of glycosides of polygalacic acid and their activities against pathogenic Candida species. Pharmazie. 2000 Jan;55(1):72-4. PMID: 10683877. 16: Plohmann B, Bader G, Hiller K, Franz G. Immunomodulatory and antitumoral effects of triterpenoid saponins. Pharmazie. 1997 Dec;52(12):953-7. PMID: 9442560. 17: Schöpke T, Thiele H, Hiller K, Wray V, Nimtz M. Triterpenoid saponins from Bellis bernardii. J Nat Prod. 1996 Oct;59(10):939-43. doi: 10.1021/np960400t. PMID: 8904843. 18: Bader G, Plohmann B, Hiller K, Franz G. Cytotoxicity of triterpenoid saponins. Part 1: Activities against tumor cells in vitro and hemolytical index. Pharmazie. 1996 Jun;51(6):414-7. PMID: 8767852. 19: Schöpke T, Wray V, Nimtz M, Hiller K. Triterpenoid saponins from Bellium bellidioides. Structures of the minor deacylsaponins. Phytochemistry. 1996 Mar;41(5):1399-403. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00791-1. PMID: 8729462. 20: Bader G, Wray V, Hiller K. The main saponins from the aerial parts and the roots of Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea. Planta Med. 1995 Apr;61(2):158-61. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958038. PMID: 7753924.