1: Li Y, Chen L, Zheng D, Liu JX, Liu C, Qi SH, Hu PC, Yang XF, Min JW. Echinocystic acid alleviated hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal mice by activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 9;14:1103265. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103265. PMID: 36843928; PMCID: PMC9947717.
2: Hyam SR, Jang SE, Jeong JJ, Joh EH, Han MJ, Kim DH. Echinocystic acid, a metabolite of lancemaside A, inhibits TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Feb;15(2):433-41. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.017. Epub 2013 Jan 23. PMID: 23352442.
3: Geng D, Li Y, Zheng R, Wang R, Yang B, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang F. Modulation of Kv7 Channel Currents by Echinocystic Acid. Mol Pharmacol. 2023 Aug;104(2):42-50. doi: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000640. Epub 2023 Jun 6. PMID: 37280100.
4: Miyase T, Melek FR, Ghaly NS, Warashina T, El-Kady M, Nabil M. Echinocystic acid 3,16-O-bisglycosides from Albizia procera. Phytochemistry. 2010 Aug;71(11-12):1375-80. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.004. Epub 2010 Jun 4. PMID: 20621796.
5: Xiao L, Li M, Xiao Y, Yu L, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Li Y, Zhou L, Liang Y. Echinocystic acid prevents obesity and fatty liver via interacting with FABP1. Phytother Res. 2023 Aug;37(8):3617-3630. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7839. Epub 2023 Apr 24. PMID: 37092723.
6: Joh EH, Gu W, Kim DH. Echinocystic acid ameliorates lung inflammation in mice and alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR4 in NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Aug 1;84(3):331-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.04.020. Epub 2012 May 4. PMID: 22564908.
7: He D, Hu G, Zhou A, Liu Y, Huang B, Su Y, Wang H, Ye B, He Y, Gao X, Fu S, Liu D. Echinocystic Acid Inhibits Inflammation and Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 19;12:787771. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.787771. PMID: 35126128; PMCID: PMC8807489.
8: Chen B, Zhao Y, Li W, Hang J, Yin M, Yu H. Echinocystic acid provides a neuroprotective effect via the PI3K/AKT pathway in intracerebral haemorrhage mice. Ann Transl Med. 2020 Jan;8(1):6. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.35. PMID: 32055597; PMCID: PMC6995749.
9: Cheng YC, Zhang X, Lin SC, Li S, Chang YK, Chen HH, Lin CC. Echinocystic Acid Ameliorates Arthritis in SKG Mice by Suppressing Th17 Cell Differentiation and Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Inflammation. J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Dec 28;70(51):16176-16187. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05802. Epub 2022 Dec 14. PMID: 36516328.
10: Kang YM, Kim HM, Lee M, An HJ. Effects of Echinocystic Acid on Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Inflammation of the Skin and Lungs. Phytomedicine. 2022 Sep;104:154211. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154211. Epub 2022 Jun 6. PMID: 35717808.
11: Li S, Han J, Wang DS, Feng B, Deng YT, Wang XS, Yang Q, Zhao MG. Echinocystic acid reduces reserpine-induced pain/depression dyad in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Apr;31(2):455-63. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9786-6. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26729203.
12: Joh EH, Jeong JJ, Kim DH. Inhibitory effect of echinocystic acid on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced dermatitis in mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2014 Feb;37(2):225-31. doi: 10.1007/s12272-013-0092-8. Epub 2013 Mar 21. PMID: 23515933.
13: Tchegnitegni BT, Ahmed T, Ngouafong FT, Kamso VFK, Teponno RB, Lenta BN, Tapondjou LA, Ali A, Musharraf SG. Echinocystic Acid Bidesmoside Saponins from Microglossa afzelii O. Hoffm and Their Cytotoxic Activity against the CAL-27 Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line. Metabolites. 2022 Oct 25;12(11):1018. doi: 10.3390/metabo12111018. PMID: 36355102; PMCID: PMC9694296.
14: Zhu D, Li B, Wang C, Jiang P, Tang F, Li Y. Echinocystic acid induces the apoptosis, and inhibits the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Med Oncol. 2023 May 19;40(6):182. doi: 10.1007/s12032-023-02029-2. PMID: 37202561.
15: Ryu S, Shin JS, Jung JY, Cho YW, Kim SJ, Jang DS, Lee KT. Echinocystic acid isolated from Eclipta prostrata suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 expressions via NF-κB inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Planta Med. 2013 Aug;79(12):1031-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1328767. Epub 2013 Jul 22. PMID: 23877917.
16: Huang CF, Wang WN, Sun CC, Wang YQ, Li L, Li Y, Li DJ. Echinocystic acid ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular endothelial cell injury through regulating NF-κB and CYP1A1. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Nov;14(5):4174-4180. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.5097. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PMID: 29104633; PMCID: PMC5658691.
17: Yang JH, Li B, Wu Q, Lv JG, Nie HY. Echinocystic acid inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Sep 2;477(4):673-677. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.118. Epub 2016 Jun 24. PMID: 27349866.
18: Ma Z, Wang Y, Piao T, Liu J. Echinocystic Acid Inhibits IL-1β-Induced COX-2 and iNOS Expression in Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes. Inflammation. 2016 Apr;39(2):543-9. doi: 10.1007/s10753-015-0278-y. PMID: 26499345.
19: Baglin I, Mitaine-Offer AC, Nour M, Tan K, Cavé C, Lacaille-Dubois MA. A review of natural and modified betulinic, ursolic and echinocystic acid derivatives as potential antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2003 Sep;3(6):525-39. doi: 10.2174/1389557033487917. PMID: 12871156.
20: Georgatza D, Gorgogietas VA, Kylindri P, Charalambous MC, Papadopoulou KK, Hayes JM, Psarra AG. The triterpene echinocystic acid and its 3-O-glucoside derivative are revealed as potent and selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Oct;79:277-287. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.028. Epub 2016 Aug 31. PMID: 27592454.