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MedKoo Cat#: 341603 | Name: Paraquat dichloride
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Paraquat is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure. Paraquat is one of the most widely used herbicides. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic to human beings and animals due to its redox activity, which produces superoxide anions. It has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens. Paraquat may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion)

Chemical Structure

Paraquat dichloride
Paraquat dichloride
CAS#1910-42-5 (chloride)

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 341603

Name: Paraquat dichloride

CAS#: 1910-42-5 (chloride)

Chemical Formula: C12H14Cl2N2

Exact Mass: 186.1146

Molecular Weight: 257.16

Elemental Analysis: C, 56.05; H, 5.49; Cl, 27.57; N, 10.89

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
25mg USD 90.00 Ready to ship
50mg USD 150.00 Ready to ship
100mg USD 250.00 Ready to ship
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Related CAS #
1910-42-5 (chloride) 1983-60-4 (iodide) 4685-14-7 (cation) 75365-73-0 (Chloride hydrate)
Synonym
Paraquat dichloride; Methyl Viologen; NSC 263500; NSC-263500; NSC263500
IUPAC/Chemical Name
1,1'-dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diium chloride
InChi Key
FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2
SMILES Code
C[N+]1=CC=C(C2=CC=[N+](C)C=C2)C=C1.[Cl-].[Cl-]
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>95% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Certificate of Analysis
View CoA: current batch, Lot#S9G10M28
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
View Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
TBD
In vitro activity:
In summary, PQ (Paraquat) at a concentration of 1 mmol/l can produce toxicity to macrophages, and greatly increase the ROS fluorescence intensity and the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. PQ poisoning is expected to be treated through IL-6 and TNF-α in the future. Reference: Exp Ther Med. 2019 Mar; 17(3): 1783–1789. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364147/
In vivo activity:
After PQ (Paraquat) administration in vivo for 21 days, the number of MII oocytes from natural estrus cycle in the PQ-treated group was significantly decreased compared with that in the control group (14.33 ± 0.7, n = 9, control vs. 11.56 ± 0.5, n = 9, PQ-treated group; P < 0.05). The oocyte quality directly influences the fertilization and subsequent embryo development, so the corresponding experiments were conducted. The results showed that PQ had no significant effects on the rates of IVF (59.33 ± 4.4%, n = 84, control vs. 55.8 ± 4.7%, n = 114, PQ-treated group; P > 0.05; Figures 2A,B). However, after mating the rates of two-cell embryos and blastocysts in the PQ-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control (two-cell embryos: 89.41 ± 3.8%, n = 129, control vs. 47.45 ± 13.8%, n = 104, PQ-treated group; blastocyst: 88.63 ± 4.5%, n = 129, control vs. 42.1 ± 12.7%, n = 104, PQ-treated group; P < 0.05; Figures 2C–E). These data demonstrated that PQ exposure can decrease the level of mature oocytes and impair the embryonic development potential in vivo, indicating that the cytoplasmic maturation is compromised. Reference: Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020; 8: 631104. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901924/

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 257.16 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Huang J, Ning N, Zhang W. Effects of paraquat on IL-6 and TNF-α in macrophages. Exp Ther Med. 2019 Mar;17(3):1783-1789. doi: 10.3892/etm.2018.7099. Epub 2018 Dec 14. PMID: 30783450; PMCID: PMC6364147. 2. Milczarek A, Starzyński RR, Styś A, Jończy A, Staroń R, Grzelak A, Lipiński P. A drastic superoxide-dependent oxidative stress is prerequisite for the down-regulation of IRP1: Insights from studies on SOD1-deficient mice and macrophages treated with paraquat. PLoS One. 2017 May 19;12(5):e0176800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176800. PMID: 28542246; PMCID: PMC5438123. 3. Sun YL, Wang XL, Yang LL, Ge ZJ, Zhao Y, Luo SM, Shen W, Sun QY, Yin S. Paraquat Reduces the Female Fertility by Impairing the Oocyte Maturation in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Feb 2;8:631104. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.631104. PMID: 33634108; PMCID: PMC7901924. 4. Naudet N, Antier E, Gaillard D, Morignat E, Lakhdar L, Baron T, Bencsik A. Oral Exposure to Paraquat Triggers Earlier Expression of Phosphorylated α-Synuclein in the Enteric Nervous System of A53T Mutant Human α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2017 Dec 1;76(12):1046-1057. doi: 10.1093/jnen/nlx092. PMID: 29040593; PMCID: PMC5939863.
In vitro protocol:
1. Huang J, Ning N, Zhang W. Effects of paraquat on IL-6 and TNF-α in macrophages. Exp Ther Med. 2019 Mar;17(3):1783-1789. doi: 10.3892/etm.2018.7099. Epub 2018 Dec 14. PMID: 30783450; PMCID: PMC6364147. 2. Milczarek A, Starzyński RR, Styś A, Jończy A, Staroń R, Grzelak A, Lipiński P. A drastic superoxide-dependent oxidative stress is prerequisite for the down-regulation of IRP1: Insights from studies on SOD1-deficient mice and macrophages treated with paraquat. PLoS One. 2017 May 19;12(5):e0176800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176800. PMID: 28542246; PMCID: PMC5438123.
In vivo protocol:
1. Sun YL, Wang XL, Yang LL, Ge ZJ, Zhao Y, Luo SM, Shen W, Sun QY, Yin S. Paraquat Reduces the Female Fertility by Impairing the Oocyte Maturation in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Feb 2;8:631104. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.631104. PMID: 33634108; PMCID: PMC7901924. 2. Naudet N, Antier E, Gaillard D, Morignat E, Lakhdar L, Baron T, Bencsik A. Oral Exposure to Paraquat Triggers Earlier Expression of Phosphorylated α-Synuclein in the Enteric Nervous System of A53T Mutant Human α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2017 Dec 1;76(12):1046-1057. doi: 10.1093/jnen/nlx092. PMID: 29040593; PMCID: PMC5939863.
1: Pezzato C, Nguyen MT, Kim DJ, Anamimoghadam O, Mosca L, Stoddart F. Controlling Dual Molecular Pumps Electrochemically. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 May 18. doi: 10.1002/anie.201803848. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29774639. 2: Asada M, Hakimi H, Kawazu SI. The application of the HyPer fluorescent sensor in the real-time detection of H(2)O(2) in Babesia bovis merozoites in vitro. Vet Parasitol. 2018 May 15;255:78-82. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.016. Epub 2018 Mar 27. PubMed PMID: 29773141. 3: Anderson CC, Aivazidis S, Kuzyk CL, Jain A, Roede JR. Acute maneb exposure significantly alters both glycolysis and mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol Sci. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy116. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29767788. 4: Niraula P, Ghimire S, Lee H, Kim MS. Ilex paraguariensis extends lifespan and increases an ability to resist environmental stresses in Drosophila. Rejuvenation Res. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1089/rej.2017.2023. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29756514. 5: Liu H, Wu Q, Chu T, Mo Y, Cai S, Chen M, Zhu G. High-dose acute exposure of paraquat induces injuries of swim bladder, gastrointestinal tract and liver via neutrophil-mediated ROS in zebrafish and their relevance for human health risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2018 Aug;205:662-673. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.151. Epub 2018 Apr 27. PubMed PMID: 29723724. 6: Lam A, Karekar P, Shah K, Hariharan G, Fleyshman M, Kaur H, Singh H, Gururaja Rao S. Drosophila Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel α1-Subunits Regulate Cardiac Function in the Aging Heart. Sci Rep. 2018 May 2;8(1):6910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25195-0. PubMed PMID: 29720608. 7: Ng YW, Say YH. Palmitic acid induces neurotoxicity and gliatoxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma and T98G human glioblastoma cells. PeerJ. 2018 Apr 26;6:e4696. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4696. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 29713567; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5924683. 8: Li GP, Yang H, Zong SB, Liu Q, Li L, Xu ZL, Zhou J, Wang ZZ, Xiao W. Diterpene ginkgolides meglumine injection protects against paraquat-induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Mar;99:746-754. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.135. Epub 2018 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 29710472. 9: Fan H, Huang H, Hu L, Zhu W, Yu Y, Lou J, Hu L, Chen F. The activation of STIM1 mediates S-phase arrest and cell death in paraquat induced acute lung intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Apr 27;292:123-135. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.030. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29709426. 10: Stykel MG, Humphries K, Kirby MP, Czaniecki C, Wang T, Ryan T, Bamm V, Ryan SD. Nitration of microtubules blocks axonal mitochondrial transport in a human pluripotent stem cell model of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J. 2018 Apr 24:fj201700759RR. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700759RR. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29688812. 11: Li Z, Zheng J, Zhang XF. Detrimental Effects of Paraquat on Astrocytes-Regulating Synaptic Functions. Dose Response. 2018 Apr 15;16(2):1559325818761681. doi: 10.1177/1559325818761681. eCollection 2018 Apr-Jun. PubMed PMID: 29686592; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5904721. 12: Tang Y, Hu L, Hong G, Zhong D, Song J, Zhao G, Lu Z. Diagnostic value of complete blood count in paraquat and organophosphorus poisoning patients. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018 Jan 1:748233718770896. doi: 10.1177/0748233718770896. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29669481. 13: Gao J, Cao Z, Feng S, Song Y, Bai W, Zhao S, Zhang S, Li Y. Patients with mild paraquat poisoning treated with prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone have better lung function: A retrospective analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Apr;97(16):e0430. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010430. PubMed PMID: 29668605; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5916698. 14: Martinez-Perez DA, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Protects and Prevents Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Knockdown dj-1-β Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotox Res. 2018 Apr 17. doi: 10.1007/s12640-018-9899-x. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29667128. 15: S N, Shivanandappa T. Neuroprotective action of 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid against paraquat-induced motor impairment involves amelioration of mitochondrial damage and neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Neurotoxicology. 2018 May;66:160-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.006. Epub 2018 Apr 10. PubMed PMID: 29653138. 16: Liu J, Xiong Y, Jiang M. Ratio of Injured Lung Volume Fraction in Prognosis Evaluation of Acute PQ Poisoning. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Feb 13;2018:4501536. doi: 10.1155/2018/4501536. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 29651433; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5832052. 17: Idris ZHC, Abidin AAZ, Subki A, Yusof ZNB. The Effect of Oxidative Stress Towards The Expression of Thiamine Biosynthesis Genes (THIC and THI1/THI4) in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis). Trop Life Sci Res. 2018 Mar;29(1):71-85. doi: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.1.5. Epub 2018 Mar 2. PubMed PMID: 29644016; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5893237. 18: Elenga N, Merlin C, Le Guern R, Kom-Tchameni R, Ducrot YM, Pradier M, Ntab B, Dinh-Van KA, Sobesky M, Mathieu D, Dueymes JM, Egmann G, Kallel H, Mathieu-Nolf M. Clinical features and prognosis of paraquat poisoning in French Guiana: A review of 62 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Apr;97(15):e9621. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009621. Review. PubMed PMID: 29642226; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5908553. 19: Martin RC, Vining K, Dombrowski JE. Genome-wide (ChIP-seq) identification of target genes regulated by BdbZIP10 during paraquat-induced oxidative stress. BMC Plant Biol. 2018 Apr 10;18(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12870-018-1275-8. PubMed PMID: 29636001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5894230. 20: Budnick JA, Sheehan LM, Colquhoun JM, Dunman PM, Walker GC, Roop RM 2nd, Caswell CC. The endoribonuclease YbeY is linked to proper cellular morphology and virulence in Brucella abortus. J Bacteriol. 2018 Apr 9. pii: JB.00105-18. doi: 10.1128/JB.00105-18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29632093.