Synonym
Pyritinol; pyrithioxin; Encephabol; Encefabol; Cerbon 6
IUPAC/Chemical Name
5,5'-(disulfanediylbis(methylene))bis(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol)
InChi Key
SIXLXDIJGIWWFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C16H20N2O4S2/c1-9-15(21)13(5-19)11(3-17-9)7-23-24-8-12-4-18-10(2)16(22)14(12)6-20/h3-4,19-22H,5-8H2,1-2H3
SMILES Code
OCC1=C(CSSCC2=C(CO)C(O)=C(C)N=C2)C=NC(C)=C1O
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Biological target:
Pyritinol reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate.
In vitro activity:
To be determined
In vivo activity:
Behavioral effects were assessed in both young and old rats with pyrithioxin administration, which has been reported to elevate acetylcholine levels in several brain regions in old rats. This study found that in both young and old rats, pyrithioxin had no effect on locomotor activity or swim speed, but enhanced one trial passive avoidance retention.
Reference: J Psychopharmacol. 1987 Jan;1(4):237-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22159136/
|
Solvent |
mg/mL |
mM |
| Solubility |
| DMSO |
60.0 |
162.84 |
| DMSO |
60.0 |
162.84 |
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.
Preparing Stock Solutions
The following data is based on the
product
molecular weight
368.47
Batch specific molecular weights may vary
from batch to batch
due to the degree of hydration, which will
affect the solvent
volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass |
1 mg |
5 mg |
10 mg |
| 1 mM |
1.15 mL |
5.76 mL |
11.51 mL |
| 5 mM |
0.23 mL |
1.15 mL |
2.3 mL |
| 10 mM |
0.12 mL |
0.58 mL |
1.15 mL |
| 50 mM |
0.02 mL |
0.12 mL |
0.23 mL |
Formulation protocol:
1. Martin KJ, Vyas S. Increase in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain of 'old' rats following treatment with pyrithioxin (Encephabol). Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Mar;90(3):561-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11206.x. PMID: 3567461; PMCID: PMC1917181.
2. Marston HM, Martin KJ, Robbins TW. Effects of the chronic administration of pyrithioxin on behaviour and cholinergic function in young and aged rats. J Psychopharmacol. 1987 Jan;1(4):237-43. doi: 10.1177/026988118700100404. PMID: 22159136.
In vitro protocol:
To be determined
In vivo protocol:
1. Martin KJ, Vyas S. Increase in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain of 'old' rats following treatment with pyrithioxin (Encephabol). Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Mar;90(3):561-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11206.x. PMID: 3567461; PMCID: PMC1917181.
2. Marston HM, Martin KJ, Robbins TW. Effects of the chronic administration of pyrithioxin on behaviour and cholinergic function in young and aged rats. J Psychopharmacol. 1987 Jan;1(4):237-43. doi: 10.1177/026988118700100404. PMID: 22159136.
1: Alkuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadilly AK. Vinpocetine and pyritinol: a new model for blood rheological modulation in cerebrovascular disorders—a randomized controlled clinical study. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:324307. doi: 10.1155/2014/324307. Epub 2014 Dec 7. PubMed PMID: 25548768; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4274818.
2: Jebasingh D, Devavaram Jackson D, Venkataraman S, Adeghate E, Starling Emerald B. The protective effects of Cyperus rotundus on behavior and cognitive function in a rat model of hypoxia injury. Pharm Biol. 2014 Dec;52(12):1558-69. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2014.908395. Epub 2014 Jul 15. PubMed PMID: 25026346.
3: Wälti U, Kuenzler M, Schild J, Vassella F, Pavlincova E, Bircher J, Herschkowitz N. Pyritinol hydrochloride and cognitive functions: influence on children in slow learner classes. Pediatr Res. 1975 Sep;9(9):717-21. PubMed PMID: 1105370.
4: Greiner HE, Haase AF, Seyfried CA. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action of pyritinol. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1988 Aug;21 Suppl 1:26-32. PubMed PMID: 2905813.
5: Jiménez-Andrade GY, Reyes-García G, Sereno G, Ceballos-Reyes G, Vidal-Cantú GC, Granados-Soto V. Pyritinol reduces nociception and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Aug 20;590(1-3):170-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.050. Epub 2008 Jun 18. PubMed PMID: 18593582.
6: Herrmann WM, Kern U, Röhmel J. On the effects of pyritinol on functional deficits of patients with organic mental disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1986 Sep;19(5):378-85. PubMed PMID: 3534901.
7: Fischhof PK, Saletu B, Rüther E, Litschauer G, Möslinger-Gehmayr R, Herrmann WM. Therapeutic efficacy of pyritinol in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID). Neuropsychobiology. 1992;26(1-2):65-70. PubMed PMID: 1475039.
8: Hartmann H, Cohen SA, Müller WE. Effects of subchronic administration of pyritinol on receptor deficits and phosphatidylinositol metabolism in the brain of the aged mouse. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Feb;32(2):119-25. PubMed PMID: 8450941.
9: Pavlík A, Pilar J. Protection of cell proteins against free-radical attack by nootropic drugs: scavenger effect of pyritinol confirmed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Neuropharmacology. 1989 Jun;28(6):557-61. PubMed PMID: 2547179.
10: Turský T. Pyritinol and the enzymes of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and degradation. Physiol Bohemoslov. 1988;37(2):135-43. PubMed PMID: 2975003.
