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MedKoo Cat#: 318577 | Name: Proflavine Hemisulfate
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Proflavine hemisulfate is an Acridine derivative, which is a slow-acting disinfectant with bacteriostatic action against many Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative organisms. Proflavine Hemisulfate has little antifungal activity.

Chemical Structure

Proflavine Hemisulfate
Proflavine Hemisulfate
CAS#1811-28-5

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 318577

Name: Proflavine Hemisulfate

CAS#: 1811-28-5

Chemical Formula: C26H24N6O4S

Exact Mass:

Molecular Weight: 516.57

Elemental Analysis: C, 60.45; H, 4.68; N, 16.27; O, 12.39; S, 6.21

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
2g USD 350.00 2 Weeks
10g USD 950.00 2 Weeks
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Related CAS #
92-62-6 (free base) 1811-28-5 (hemisulfate)
Synonym
Proflavine hemisulfate;Proflavine hemisulphate; Proflavine hemisulfate dihydrate; 3,6-Diaminoacridine hemisulfate; EINECS 217-320-3; 3,6-Acridinediamine, sulfate (2:1); 3,6 Diamino Acridine; 3,6 Diaminoacridine; 3,6-diamino acridine; 3,6-diaminoacridine; Acridine, 3,6-Diamino; Hemisulfate, Proflavine;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
(6-aminoacridin-3-yl)azanium;sulfate
InChi Key
YADYXCVYLIKQJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/2C13H11N3.H2O4S/c2*14-10-3-1-8-5-9-2-4-11(15)7-13(9)16-12(8)6-10;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1-7H,14-15H2;(H2,1,2,3,4)
SMILES Code
C1=CC(=CC2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)[NH3+])C=C21)N.C1=CC(=CC2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)[NH3+])C=C21)N.[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-]
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
To be determined
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Proflavine hemisulfate behaves as a pore blocker for Kir3.2. Proflavine hemisulfate is a potential lead compound for Kir3.2-associated neurological diseases.
In vitro activity:
Proflavine is a potential pore blocker of Kir3.2, a channel associated with neurological phenotypes in Down syndrome. Proflavine was found to inhibit the growth of Kir3.2-transformed cells and Kir3.2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Proflavine's blockage effect depended on the difference between membrane potential and extracellular K(+) concentration. Reference: Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27236080/
In vivo activity:
Proflavine was used as part of a novel dual fluorescence imaging technique to detect neoplastic lesions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Patients with colonic and gastric neoplastic lesions underwent imaging after topical instillation of moxifloxacin and proflavine. The dual fluorescence imaging provided high-contrast and high-resolution visualization of cellular structures, allowing for the detection of irregular glandular structures and the loss of goblet cells in adenomas. Reference: Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36802075/

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 516.57 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Inanobe A, Itamochi H, Kurachi Y. Kir Channel Blockages by Proflavine Derivatives via Multiple Modes of Interaction. Mol Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;93(6):592-600. doi: 10.1124/mol.117.111377. Epub 2018 Apr 12. PMID: 29650538. 2. Kawada H, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. Isolation of proflavine as a blocker of G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels by a cell growth-based screening system. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.016. Epub 2016 May 26. PMID: 27236080. 3. Nam K, Park N, Lee S, Jeon S, Lee J, Hong SM, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim KH, Myung SJ. Feasibility of moxifloxacin and proflavine dual fluorescence imaging for detecting gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions: A prospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23640. Epub 2023 Feb 17. PMID: 36802075. 4. Chen J, Hu Y, Lu Q, Wang P, Zhan H. Determination of proflavine in rat whole blood without sample pretreatment by laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017 Apr;409(11):2813-2819. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0225-x. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28188352.
In vitro protocol:
1. Inanobe A, Itamochi H, Kurachi Y. Kir Channel Blockages by Proflavine Derivatives via Multiple Modes of Interaction. Mol Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;93(6):592-600. doi: 10.1124/mol.117.111377. Epub 2018 Apr 12. PMID: 29650538. 2. Kawada H, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. Isolation of proflavine as a blocker of G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels by a cell growth-based screening system. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct;109:18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.016. Epub 2016 May 26. PMID: 27236080.
In vivo protocol:
1. Nam K, Park N, Lee S, Jeon S, Lee J, Hong SM, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Lee JH, Kim DH, Kim KH, Myung SJ. Feasibility of moxifloxacin and proflavine dual fluorescence imaging for detecting gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions: A prospective study. Lasers Surg Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):378-389. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23640. Epub 2023 Feb 17. PMID: 36802075. 2. Chen J, Hu Y, Lu Q, Wang P, Zhan H. Determination of proflavine in rat whole blood without sample pretreatment by laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017 Apr;409(11):2813-2819. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0225-x. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28188352.
1: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Structure and dynamics of proflavine association around DNA. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27030311. 2: Kawedia JD, Zhang YP, Myers AL, Richards-Kortum RR, Kramer MA, Gillenwater AM, Culotta KS. Physical and chemical stability of proflavine contrast agent solutions for early detection of oral cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2016 Feb;22(1):21-5. doi: 10.1177/1078155214546564. Epub 2014 Aug 10. PubMed PMID: 25113309. 3: Prieto SP, Powless AJ, Boice JW, Sharma SG, Muldoon TJ. Proflavine Hemisulfate as a Fluorescent Contrast Agent for Point-of-Care Cytology. PLoS One. 2015 May 11;10(5):e0125598. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125598. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 25962131; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4427403. 4: Kumar V, Sengupta A, Gavvala K, Koninti RK, Hazra P. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic insights into the interaction between proflavine and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. J Phys Chem B. 2014 Sep 25;118(38):11090-9. doi: 10.1021/jp506267b. Epub 2014 Sep 11. PubMed PMID: 25181397. 5: Buchelnikov AS, Dovbeshko GI, Voronin DP, Trachevsky VV, Kostjukov VV, Evstigneev MP. Spectroscopic study of proflavine adsorption on the carbon nanotube surface. Appl Spectrosc. 2014;68(2):232-7. doi: 10.1366/13-07205. PubMed PMID: 24480280. 6: Ipóthová Z, Paulíková H, Cižeková L, Hunáková L, Labudová M, Grolmusová A, Janovec L, Imrich J. Subcellular localization of proflavine derivative and induction of oxidative stress--in vitro studies. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Nov 1;21(21):6726-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.007. Epub 2013 Aug 13. PubMed PMID: 23993675. 7: Patil DT, Mokashi VV, Kolekar GB, Patil SR. Micellar-mediated binding interaction between proflavine hemisulfate and salicylic acid: spectroscopic insights and its analytical application. Luminescence. 2013 Nov-Dec;28(6):821-6. doi: 10.1002/bio.2437. Epub 2012 Oct 18. PubMed PMID: 23076990. 8: Gebala M, La Mantia F, Schuhmann W. Kinetic and thermodynamic hysteresis imposed by intercalation of proflavine in ferrocene-modified double-stranded DNA. Chemphyschem. 2013 Jul 22;14(10):2208-16. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201300045. Epub 2013 May 14. PubMed PMID: 23674389. 9: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Intercalation and de-intercalation pathway of proflavine through the minor and major grooves of DNA: roles of water and entropy. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 May 7;15(17):6446-55. doi: 10.1039/c3cp50501d. PubMed PMID: 23525232. 10: Pridgeon JW, Klesius PH, Yildirim-Aksoy M. Attempt to develop live attenuated bacterial vaccines by selecting resistance to gossypol, proflavine hemisulfate, novobiocin, or ciprofloxacin. Vaccine. 2013 Apr 26;31(18):2222-30. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 23499519. 11: Ancel L, Gateau C, Lebrun C, Delangle P. DNA sensing by a Eu-binding peptide containing a proflavine unit. Inorg Chem. 2013 Jan 18;52(2):552-4. doi: 10.1021/ic302456q. Epub 2013 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 23289864. 12: Sasikala WD, Mukherjee A. Molecular mechanism of direct proflavine-DNA intercalation: evidence for drug-induced minimum base-stacking penalty pathway. J Phys Chem B. 2012 Oct 11;116(40):12208-12. doi: 10.1021/jp307911r. Epub 2012 Oct 1. PubMed PMID: 22978751. 13: Nam DH, Park CB. Visible light-driven NADH regeneration sensitized by proflavine for biocatalysis. Chembiochem. 2012 Jun 18;13(9):1278-82. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201200115. Epub 2012 May 3. PubMed PMID: 22555876. 14: Nakayama S, Roelofs K, Lee VT, Sintim HO. A C-di-GMP-proflavine-hemin supramolecular complex has peroxidase activity--implication for a simple colorimetric detection. Mol Biosyst. 2012 Mar;8(3):726-9. doi: 10.1039/c2mb05430b. Epub 2012 Jan 18. PubMed PMID: 22252690. 15: Kumar KS, Selvaraju C, Malar EJ, Natarajan P. Existence of a new emitting singlet state of proflavine: femtosecond dynamics of the excited state processes and quantum chemical studies in different solvents. J Phys Chem A. 2012 Jan 12;116(1):37-45. doi: 10.1021/jp207495r. Epub 2011 Dec 23. PubMed PMID: 22145576. 16: More VR, Anbhule PV, Lee SH, Patil SR, Kolekar GB. Fluorimetric study on the interaction between Norfloxacin and Proflavine hemisulphate. J Fluoresc. 2011 Jul;21(4):1789-96. doi: 10.1007/s10895-011-0873-8. Epub 2011 Mar 30. PubMed PMID: 21448705. 17: Biagini S, Bianchi A, Biver T, Boggioni A, Nikolayenko IV, Secco F, Venturini M. DNA binding of a proflavine derivative bearing a platinum hanging residue. J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Apr;105(4):558-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.010. Epub 2010 Dec 31. PubMed PMID: 21345323. 18: Garin D, Oukhatar F, Mahon AB, Try AC, Dubois-Dauphin M, Laferla FM, Demeunynck M, Sallanon MM, Chierici S. Proflavine derivatives as fluorescent imaging agents of amyloid deposits. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Apr 15;21(8):2203-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.010. Epub 2011 Mar 6. PubMed PMID: 21435875. 19: Polyanskaya TV, Kazhdan I, Motley DM, Walmsley JA. Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of palladium(II)-proflavine complexes. J Inorg Biochem. 2010 Nov;104(11):1205-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.07.010. Epub 2010 Jul 23. PubMed PMID: 20709409; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2987641. 20: García B, Leal JM, Ruiz R, Biver T, Secco F, Venturini M. Change of the binding mode of the DNA/proflavine system induced by ethanol. J Phys Chem B. 2010 Jul 1;114(25):8555-64. doi: 10.1021/jp102801z. PubMed PMID: 20524626.