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MedKoo Cat#: 600121 | Name: Catalpol
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Catalpol is an iridoid glucoside. This natural product falls in the class of iridoid glycosides, which are simply monoterpenes with a glucose molecule attached. Although the pharmacological action of catalpol as well as many other iridoids has not been fully established, there is evidence that their primary function is to stimulate the production of adrenal cortical hormones, which increases the production of sex hormones. Catalpol also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and has shown to increase the production of androgens yielded by the adrenal gland, which can lead to increases in muscle mass.

Chemical Structure

Catalpol
Catalpol
CAS#2415-24-9

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 600121

Name: Catalpol

CAS#: 2415-24-9

Chemical Formula: C15H22O10

Exact Mass: 362.1213

Molecular Weight: 362.33

Elemental Analysis: C, 49.72; H, 6.12; O, 44.16

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
50mg USD 300.00 2 Weeks
100mg USD 550.00 2 Weeks
250mg USD 950.00 2 Weeks
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Related CAS #
No Data
Synonym
Catalpinoside; 7,8-epoxy Aucubin
IUPAC/Chemical Name
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(((1aS,1bS,2S,5aR,6S,6aS)-6-hydroxy-1a-(hydroxymethyl)-1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a-hexahydrooxireno[2',3':4,5]cyclopenta[1,2-c]pyran-2-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
InChi Key
LHDWRKICQLTVDL-PZYDOOQISA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C15H22O10/c16-3-6-9(19)10(20)11(21)14(23-6)24-13-7-5(1-2-22-13)8(18)12-15(7,4-17)25-12/h1-2,5-14,16-21H,3-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-/m1/s1
SMILES Code
[H][C@]1([C@H](O)[C@@]2([H])[C@]3(CO)O2)[C@]3([H])[C@H](O[C@H]4[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)OC=C1
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO.
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Catalpol (Catalpinoside), an iridoid glycoside found in Rehmannia glutinosa. Catalpol has neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant effects and anti-HBV effects.
In vitro activity:
The anticancer effect of catalpol on human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells were investigated and the mechanism of action was evaluated. Cellular viability was detected using an MTT assay. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, cellular apoptosis and nucleic morphology were analyzed using caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity assay kits, flow cytometric assays and DAPI staining assay, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-Akt) and Akt. Expression of microRNA-200 was detected using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HCT116 cells were incubated with PI3K inhibitors in order to analyze the effect of catalpol on cell proliferation. Catalpol was able to inhibit HCT116 cell proliferation. Furthermore, catalpol induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells, which depended on the increased activities of caspase-3 and -9. In addition, catalpol reduced the expression of PI3K, p-Akt and Akt in HCT116 cells. However, downregulation of PI3K/Akt decreased the viability of HCT116 cells following treatment with catalpol and enhanced microRNA-200 expression. Catalpol promoted cellular apoptosis in human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells through upregulation of microRNA-200 expression, which depended on a downregulation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog/PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Reference: Oncol Lett. 2017 Sep;14(3):3741-3747. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/28927141/
In vivo activity:
This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of catalpol on renal IRI mice through suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and against inflammation, and the possible underlying mechanism. Firstly, we used renal IRI model to analyze blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in renal IRI mice. Next, real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of KIM-1 and the expression of PI3K, Akt and eNOS levels in renal IRI, respectively. In addition, activities of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in renal IRI mice were measured with respective TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 ELISA kits. These results showed that catalpol clearly reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels and the expression of KIM-1 in renal IRI mice. Meanwhile, we found that catalpol markedly reduced the expression of PI3K, Akt and eNOS levels in renal IRI group. Suppressing of the PI3K/Akt-eNOS and the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 activities was involved in the protective effect of catalpol on renal IRI. Collectively, catalpol protected renal IRI via inhibiting PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling and inflammatory responses. Reference: Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Feb 15;8(2):2038-44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25932134/
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
DMSO 30.0 82.80
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 362.33 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
In vitro protocol:
1. Liu L, Gao H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Xu W, Lin S, Wang H, Wu Q, Guo J. Catalpol promotes cellular apoptosis in human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells via microRNA-200 and the downregulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Lett. 2017 Sep;14(3):3741-3747. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.6580. Epub 2017 Jul 15. PMID: 28927141; PMCID: PMC5588014.
In vivo protocol:
1. Zhu J, Chen X, Wang H, Yan Q. Catalpol protects mice against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling and inflammation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Feb 15;8(2):2038-44. PMID: 25932134; PMCID: PMC4402781. 2. Fu K, Piao T, Wang M, Zhang J, Jiang J, Wang X, Liu H. Protective effect of catalpol on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 Dec;23(2):400-6. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.011. Epub 2014 Jul 22. PMID: 25063711.
1: Bhattamisra SK, Koh HM, Lim SY, Choudhury H, Pandey M. Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Biomolecules. 2021 Feb 20;11(2):323. doi: 10.3390/biom11020323. PMID: 33672590; PMCID: PMC7924042. 2: Zhang H, Wu ZM, Yang YP, Shaukat A, Yang J, Guo YF, Zhang T, Zhu XY, Qiu JX, Deng GZ, Shi DM. Catalpol ameliorates LPS-induced endometritis by inhibiting inflammation and TLR4/NF-κB signaling. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2019 Oct.;20(10):816-827. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1900071. Erratum in: J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020 Apr.;21(4):341. PMID: 31489801; PMCID: PMC6751487. 3: Yan J, Wang C, Jin Y, Meng Q, Liu Q, Liu Z, Liu K, Sun H. Catalpol ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes through acting on AMPK/NOX4/PI3K/AKT pathway. Pharmacol Res. 2018 Apr;130:466-480. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.026. Epub 2017 Dec 25. PMID: 29284152. 4: Wang HJ, Ran HF, Yin Y, Xu XG, Jiang BX, Yu SQ, Chen YJ, Ren HJ, Feng S, Zhang JF, Chen Y, Xue Q, Xu XY. Catalpol improves impaired neurovascular unit in ischemic stroke rats via enhancing VEGF-PI3K/AKT and VEGF-MEK1/2/ERK1/2 signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Jul;43(7):1670-1685. doi: 10.1038/s41401-021-00803-4. Epub 2021 Nov 18. PMID: 34795412; PMCID: PMC9253350. 5: Wang YL, Wu HR, Zhang SS, Xiao HL, Yu J, Ma YY, Zhang YD, Liu Q. Catalpol ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice via oxidative stress-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and neuroinflammation. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 8;11(1):353. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01468-7. PMID: 34103482; PMCID: PMC8187638. 6: Du J, Liu J, Huang X, Li Y, Song D, Li Q, Lin J, Li B, Li L. Catalpol Ameliorates Neurotoxicity in N2a/APP695swe Cells and APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Neurotox Res. 2022 Aug;40(4):961-972. doi: 10.1007/s12640-022-00524-4. Epub 2022 Jun 14. PMID: 35699892. 7: Feng S, Zou L, Wang H, He R, Liu K, Zhu H. RhoA/ROCK-2 Pathway Inhibition and Tight Junction Protein Upregulation by Catalpol Suppresses Lipopolysaccaride- Induced Disruption of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. Molecules. 2018 Sep 17;23(9):2371. doi: 10.3390/molecules23092371. PMID: 30227623; PMCID: PMC6225311. 8: Yuan H, Ni X, Zheng M, Han X, Song Y, Yu M. Effect of catalpol on behavior and neurodevelopment in an ADHD rat model. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Oct;118:109033. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109033. Epub 2019 Aug 11. PMID: 31545235. 9: Chen H, Deng C, Meng Z, Meng S. Effects of Catalpol on Alzheimer's Disease and Its Mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Jun 30;2022:2794243. doi: 10.1155/2022/2794243. PMID: 35815283; PMCID: PMC9262514. 10: You L, Peng H, Liu J, Cai M, Wu H, Zhang Z, Bai J, Yao Y, Dong X, Yin X, Ni J. Catalpol Protects ARPE-19 Cells against Oxidative Stress via Activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Pathway. Cells. 2021 Oct 2;10(10):2635. doi: 10.3390/cells10102635. PMID: 34685615; PMCID: PMC8534470. 11: Liu A, Zhang B, Zhao W, Tu Y, Wang Q, Li J. Catalpol ameliorates psoriasis- like phenotypes via SIRT1 mediated suppression of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Bioengineered. 2021 Dec;12(1):183-195. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1863015. PMID: 33323018; PMCID: PMC8806253. 12: Shu A, Du Q, Chen J, Gao Y, Zhu Y, Lv G, Lu J, Chen Y, Xu H. Catalpol ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy via suppression of RAGE/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 2021 Oct 1;348:109625. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109625. Epub 2021 Aug 17. PMID: 34416245. 13: Zhang LQ, Chen KX, Li YM. Bioactivities of Natural Catalpol Derivatives. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(33):6149-6173. doi: 10.2174/0929867326666190620103813. PMID: 31218947. 14: Bai Y, Zhu R, Tian Y, Li R, Chen B, Zhang H, Xia B, Zhao D, Mo F, Zhang D, Gao S. Catalpol in Diabetes and its Complications: A Review of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety. Molecules. 2019 Sep 11;24(18):3302. doi: 10.3390/molecules24183302. PMID: 31514313; PMCID: PMC6767014. 15: Chen L, Zhang RY, Xie J, Yang JY, Fang KH, Hong CX, Yang RB, Bsoul N, Yang L. STAT3 activation by catalpol promotes osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, thus accelerating osteoporotic bone repair. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021 Feb 4;12(1):108. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02178-z. PMID: 33541442; PMCID: PMC7863540. 16: He L, Zhao R, Wang Y, Liu H, Wang X. Research Progress on Catalpol as Treatment for Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jul 13;12:716125. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.716125. PMID: 34326774; PMCID: PMC8313760. 17: Chen D, Guo J, Li L. Catalpol promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in chondrocytes. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2022 Jun;128(3):802-808. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1727927. Epub 2020 Feb 25. PMID: 32096418. 18: Jiang B, Shen RF, Bi J, Tian XS, Hinchliffe T, Xia Y. Catalpol: a potential therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22(10):1278-91. doi: 10.2174/0929867322666150114151720. PMID: 25620103. 19: Cai C, Sun P, Chen Z, Sun C, Tian L. Catalpol protects mouse ATDC5 chondrocytes against interleukin-1β-induced catabolism. Histol Histopathol. 2022 Dec 15:18575. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-575. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36598130. 20: Zhang X, Liu K, Shi M, Xie L, Deng M, Chen H, Li X. Therapeutic potential of catalpol and geniposide in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: A snapshot of their underlying mechanisms. Brain Res Bull. 2021 Sep;174:281-295. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.020. Epub 2021 Jul 1. PMID: 34216649.