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MedKoo Cat#: 100100 | Name: Bortezomib
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Bortezomib is a dipeptide boronic acid analogue with antineoplastic activity. Bortezomib reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome, a large protease complex that degrades ubiquinated proteins. By blocking the targeted proteolysis normally performed by the proteasome, bortezomib disrupts various cell signaling pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Specifically, the agent inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, a protein that is constitutively activated in some cancers, thereby interfering with NF-kappaB-mediated cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. In vivo, bortezomib delays tumor growth and enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation and chemotherapy.

Chemical Structure

Bortezomib
Bortezomib
CAS#179324-69-7

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 100100

Name: Bortezomib

CAS#: 179324-69-7

Chemical Formula: C19H25BN4O4

Exact Mass: 384.1969

Molecular Weight: 384.24

Elemental Analysis: C, 59.39; H, 6.56; B, 2.81; N, 14.58; O, 16.66

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
100mg USD 90.00 Ready to ship
200mg USD 150.00 Ready to ship
500mg USD 250.00 Ready to ship
1g USD 450.00 Ready to ship
2g USD 750.00 Ready to ship
5g USD 1,650.00 Ready to ship
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No Data
Synonym
Bortezomib; PS-341; PS 341; PS341; LDP 341; LDP-341 ;LDP341; MLN341; MLN-341; MLN 341. US brand name: VELCADE.
IUPAC/Chemical Name
((R)-3-methyl-1-((S)-3-phenyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)propanamido)butyl)boronic acid
InChi Key
GXJABQQUPOEUTA-RDJZCZTQSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C19H25BN4O4/c1-13(2)10-17(20(27)28)24-18(25)15(11-14-6-4-3-5-7-14)23-19(26)16-12-21-8-9-22-16/h3-9,12-13,15,17,27-28H,10-11H2,1-2H3,(H,23,26)(H,24,25)/t15-,17-/m0/s1
SMILES Code
CC(C)C[C@@H](B(O)O)NC([C@@H](NC(C1=NC=CN=C1)=O)CC2=CC=CC=C2)=O
Appearance
white solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO, not in water
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Bortezomib is "indicated" (recommended) for single-agent use in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies and are progressing on their most recent therapy. Clinical investigations have been completed or are under way to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bortezomib alone or in combination with chemotherapy in multiple myeloma, both at relapse and presentation, as well as in other cancer types.   Bortezomib (VELCADE®, formerly PS-341) was approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in May 2003 by the US Food and Drug Administration and in April 2004 by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Union. In December 2006 the FDA approved Bortezomib for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma.   Bortezomib binds to the proteasome and does so "reversibly" (this is a chemical term that means that the bortezomib molecule can come free under different micro-cellular chemical conditions.) Normal healthy (non-cancer) cells are not as prone to damage from this binding after the Bortezomib comes off, as cancer cells are. Malignant cells suffer a breakdown even after inhibition of the proteasome for a short time.     According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib, Bortezomib was originally synthesized in 1995 (MG-341) at a company called Myogenics, which soon changed its name to ProScript. After promising preclinical results, the drug (PS-341) was tested in a small Phase I clinical trial on patients with multiple myeloma cancer. ProScript ran out of money and was bought by Leukosite in May 1999. Leukosite in turn was bought by Millennium Pharmaceuticals in October 1999. At this point in time, the project had low priority amongst other projects at the company. This changed significantly when one of the first volunteers to receive the drug in the clinical trial achieved a complete response and was still alive four years later. At the time this was a remarkable result. Later clinical experimentation indicates the possibility of a complete response in 15% of patients in a similar condition, when treated with bortezomib. In May 2003, seven years after the initial synthesis, bortezomib (Velcade) was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in multiple myeloma, based on the results from the SUMMIT Phase II trial. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib, Bortezomib was originally synthesized in 1995 (MG-341) at a company called Myogenics, which soon changed its name to ProScript. After promising preclinical results, the drug (PS-341) was tested in a small Phase I clinical trial on patients with multiple myeloma cancer. ProScript ran out of money and was bought by Leukosite in May 1999. Leukosite in turn was bought by Millennium Pharmaceuticals in October 1999. At this point in time, the project had low priority amongst other projects at the company. This changed significantly when one of the first volunteers to receive the drug in the clinical trial achieved a complete response and was still alive four years later. At the time this was a remarkable result. Later clinical experimentation indicates the possibility of a complete response in 15% of patients in a similar condition, when treated with bortezomib. In May 2003, seven years after the initial synthesis, bortezomib (Velcade) was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in multiple myeloma, based on the results from the SUMMIT Phase II trial.
Biological target:
Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade, LDP-341, MLM341, NSC 681239) is a potent 20S proteasome inhibitor with Ki of 0.6 nM.
In vitro activity:
The average growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) value for PS-341 across the entire NCI cell panel was 7 nm. Moreover, when 13 dipeptide proteasome inhibitors from the boronate series were examined, a strong correlation (Pearson coefficient, r2 = 0.92) was noted after plotting Ki versus GI50 values (Fig. 1). This finding associates the intrinsic potency of this class of compounds with their antiproliferative activity in cell culture assays, confirming their activity through a biological target, the proteasome. Using the NCI’s algorithm COMPARE (16) , we compared the “fingerprint” for PS-341-induced cytotoxicity to the historical file of 60,000 compounds and found it to be unique, with little correlation to other “standard” or investigational agents. In addition, PS-341 was shown to penetrate into cells and inhibit proteasome-mediated intracellular proteolysis of long-lived proteins with a concentration that inhibited 50% of the proteolysis (IC50) of ∼0.1 μm (data not shown). In the in vitro screen the prostate tumor PC-3 cell line (22) was shown to be sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of PS-341. To examine the potential mechanism(s) of proteasome inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity, PS-341 was studied in detail in this prostate cell line. Numerous proteins control cell cycle progression, including the tumor suppressor p53 and the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 (12) . PC-3 cells are p53 null (23) , and hence, this protein is not required for PS-341-induced cytotoxicity in this cell line. In fact, PS-341 was demonstrated to be cytotoxic in multiple cell lines in the NCI screen, independent of p53 status (data not shown). Protein levels of p21 were measured to exemplify the activity of PS-341 in cells. Although very little p21 protein was detected in untreated cells, levels were significantly increased with 10 nm PS-341 (Fig. 2A) occurring 24 h after drug addition. The increase in p21 protein levels could be detected 4 h after PS-341 treatment (data not shown). The increase in p21 led to an inhibition in the activity but not the levels of CDK-4 after 8 h (data not shown). Reference: Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 1;59(11):2615-22. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10363983
In vivo activity:
Initial activity of bortezomib (PS-341) was examined in vivo with a hollow fiber assay (29), which recorded very good activity for PS-341 and a series of analogues (data not shown). This gave impetus to examine antitumor activity for PS-341 in human xenografts. For example, s.c. implantation of human PC-3 tumor cells into nude mice elicits a large tumor that is eventually lethal. PS-341 was administered to mice injected with PC-3 cells when the tumors became palpable (>300 mm3). Two studies were undertaken. First, mice bearing PC-3 tumors were injected with PS-341 (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) i.v. once weekly for 4 weeks, and tumor volumes were recorded. Weekly i.v. treatment with PS-341 (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in tumor growth ∼60% (P < 0.05), as determined by measurement of tumor volume. The lower dose of PS-341 (0.3 mg/kg) produced a 16% decrease in tumor volume but did not reach significance (Fig. 4A). PS-341 significantly decreased the tumor volume although distribution of the compound to the skin is limited (see below). To further explore the anticancer utility of PS-341, the drug was administered directly into PC-3 tumors in a second study. On 4 consecutive days, PS-341 (1.0 mg/kg) was administered (in 10 μl) into established PC-3 tumors, and results clearly showed a dramatic decrease in tumor burden (Fig. 4B). In addition to the large decrease in tumor volume (70%), two of five mice (40%) had no detectable tumors at the end of the study. At well-tolerated doses, treatment with PS-341 clearly suppressed tumor growth. These data highlight the full antitumor potential of PS-341. Similar effects have been observed in other murine tumors and human xenograft tumors (data not shown). No adverse effects of drug treatment were noted during any of these studies. Reference: Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 1;59(11):2615-22. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10363983
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
DMSO 76.0 197.79
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 384.24 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Adams J, Palombella VJ, Sausville EA, Johnson J, Destree A, Lazarus DD, Maas J, Pien CS, Prakash S, Elliott PJ. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 1;59(11):2615-22. PMID: 10363983. 2. Pérez-Galán P, Roué G, Villamor N, Montserrat E, Campo E, Colomer D. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib induces apoptosis in mantle-cell lymphoma through generation of ROS and Noxa activation independent of p53 status. Blood. 2006 Jan 1;107(1):257-64. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2091. Epub 2005 Sep 15. PMID: 16166592.
In vitro protocol:
1. Adams J, Palombella VJ, Sausville EA, Johnson J, Destree A, Lazarus DD, Maas J, Pien CS, Prakash S, Elliott PJ. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 1;59(11):2615-22. PMID: 10363983. 2. Pérez-Galán P, Roué G, Villamor N, Montserrat E, Campo E, Colomer D. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib induces apoptosis in mantle-cell lymphoma through generation of ROS and Noxa activation independent of p53 status. Blood. 2006 Jan 1;107(1):257-64. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2091. Epub 2005 Sep 15. PMID: 16166592.
In vivo protocol:
1. Adams J, Palombella VJ, Sausville EA, Johnson J, Destree A, Lazarus DD, Maas J, Pien CS, Prakash S, Elliott PJ. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 1;59(11):2615-22. PMID: 10363983.
1: Cengiz Seval G, Beksac M. The safety of bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Sep;17(9):953-962. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1513487. Epub 2018 Aug 30. PMID: 30118610. 2: Yamamoto S, Egashira N. Pathological Mechanisms of Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 17;22(2):888. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020888. PMID: 33477371; PMCID: PMC7830235. 3: Tan CRC, Abdul-Majeed S, Cael B, Barta SK. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Bortezomib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019 Feb;58(2):157-168. doi: 10.1007/s40262-018-0679-9. PMID: 29802543. 4: Scott K, Hayden PJ, Will A, Wheatley K, Coyne I. Bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 20;4:CD010816. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010816.pub2. PMID: 27096326. 5: Mateos MV, Sonneveld P, Hungria V, Nooka AK, Estell JA, Barreto W, Corradini P, Min CK, Medvedova E, Weisel K, Chiu C, Schecter JM, Amin H, Qin X, Ukropec J, Kobos R, Spencer A. Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone Versus Bortezomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma: Three- year Follow-up of CASTOR. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020 Aug;20(8):509-518. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.09.623. Epub 2019 Oct 9. PMID: 32482541. 6: Chen M, Juengpanich S, Li S, Topatana W, Lu Z, Zheng Q, Cao J, Hu J, Chan E, Hou L, Chen J, Chen F, Liu Y, Jiansirisomboon S, Gu Z, Tongpeng S, Cai X. Bortezomib-Encapsulated Dual Responsive Copolymeric Nanoparticles for Gallbladder Cancer Targeted Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Mar;9(7):e2103895. doi: 10.1002/advs.202103895. Epub 2022 Jan 23. PMID: 35068071; PMCID: PMC8895115. 7: Shah N, Meouchy J, Qazi Y. Bortezomib in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2015 Dec;20(6):652-6. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000252. PMID: 26536428. 8: Mahmoudian M, Valizadeh H, Löbenberg R, Zakeri-Milani P. Bortezomib-loaded lipidic-nano drug delivery systems; formulation, therapeutic efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. J Microencapsul. 2021 May;38(3):192-202. doi: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1876175. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33530812. 9: Xia J, He Y, Meng B, Chen S, Zhang J, Wu X, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Feng X, Guan Y, Kuang C, Guo J, Lei Q, Wu Y, An G, Li G, Qiu L, Zhan F, Zhou W. NEK2 induces autophagy-mediated bortezomib resistance by stabilizing Beclin-1 in multiple myeloma. Mol Oncol. 2020 Apr;14(4):763-778. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.12641. Epub 2020 Jan 29. PMID: 31955515; PMCID: PMC7138399. 10: Syed YY. Selinexor-Bortezomib-Dexamethasone: A Review in Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma. Target Oncol. 2023 Mar;18(2):303-310. doi: 10.1007/s11523-022-00945-3. Epub 2023 Jan 9. PMID: 36622630. 11: Vora PA, Patel R, Dharamsi A. Bortezomib - First Therapeutic Proteasome Inhibitor for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Patent Literature. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2020;15(2):113-131. doi: 10.2174/1574892815666200401113805. PMID: 32234004. 12: Robak T. Bortezomib in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Future Oncol. 2015;11(20):2807-18. doi: 10.2217/fon.15.191. Epub 2015 Sep 8. PMID: 26347482. 13: Liu J, Zhao R, Jiang X, Li Z, Zhang B. Progress on the Application of Bortezomib and Bortezomib-Based Nanoformulations. Biomolecules. 2021 Dec 30;12(1):51. doi: 10.3390/biom12010051. PMID: 35053199; PMCID: PMC8773474. 14: Guerrero-Garcia TA, Mogollon RJ, Castillo JJ. Bortezomib in plasmablastic lymphoma: A glimpse of hope for a hard-to-treat disease. Leuk Res. 2017 Nov;62:12-16. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.09.020. Epub 2017 Sep 27. PMID: 28963907. 15: Robak P, Robak T. Bortezomib for the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies: 15 Years Later. Drugs R D. 2019 Jun;19(2):73-92. doi: 10.1007/s40268-019-0269-9. PMID: 30993606; PMCID: PMC6544598. 16: Mutluay D, Tenekeci GY, Monsef YA. Bortezomib-Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Mice. Toxicol Pathol. 2022 Apr;50(3):381-389. doi: 10.1177/01926233221083527. Epub 2022 Mar 30. PMID: 35352576. 17: de Arriba de la Fuente F, Durán MS, Álvarez MÁ, Sanromán IL, Dios AM, Ríos Tamayo R, García R, González MS, Prieto E, Bárez A, Escalante F, Tejedor A, Ballesteros M, Cabañas V, Capote FJ, Couto C, Garzón S, González-Pardo M, Mateos Manteca MV. Subcutaneous bortezomib in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma nontransplant eligible: Retrospective evaluation. Semin Hematol. 2018 Oct;55(4):189-196. doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.09.002. Epub 2017 Oct 13. PMID: 30502846. 18: Eskazan AE. Bortezomib therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol. 2016 Oct;95(11):1751-6. doi: 10.1007/s00277-016-2804-x. Epub 2016 Sep 3. PMID: 27590601. 19: Migkou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Optimizing therapy in bortezomib-exposed patients with multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol. 2018 Jun;11(6):463-469. doi: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1479637. Epub 2018 May 28. PMID: 29788798. 20: Parlakpinar H, Gunata M. Transplantation and immunosuppression: a review of novel transplant-related immunosuppressant drugs. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2021 Dec;43(6):651-665. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1966033. Epub 2021 Aug 20. PMID: 34415233.