Synonym
Paraxanthine-d6; 1,7-Dimethylxanthine-d6;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
1,7-bis(methyl-d3)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione
InChi Key
QUNWUDVFRNGTCO-WFGJKAKNSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)11(2)7(13)9-5/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,13)/i1D3,2D3
SMILES Code
O=C1C2=C(NC(N1C([2H])([2H])[2H])=O)N=CN2C([2H])([2H])[2H]
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>3 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Biological target:
Paraxanthine-d6 is the deuterium labeled Paraxanthine. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.
In vitro activity:
In vitro treatment with paraxanthine promoted cysteine uptake and increased GSH in HEK293 cells. The paraxanthine-induced cysteine uptake was inhibited by an excitatory amino-acid carrier-1 (EAAC1) inhibitor, and H2O2-induced cell damage was prevented by the paraxanthine treatment of SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that paraxanthine, an active metabolite of caffeine, acts to increase intracellular GSH levels via EAAC1 leading to neuroprotection.
Reference: J Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Jan;151(1):37-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36522121/
In vivo activity:
Male Swiss Albino mice from five groups (n = 8 per group) were orally administered paraxanthine (20.5 mg/kg/day, human equivalence dose (HED) 100 mg), L-theanine (10.28 mg/kg/day, HED 50 mg), alpha-GPC (41.09 mg/kg/day, HED 200 mg), taurine (102.75 mg/kg/day, HED 500 mg), or control (carboxy methyl cellulose) for 4 weeks. Paraxanthine significantly increased forelimb grip strength by 17% (p < 0.001), treadmill exercise performance by 39% (p < 0.001), gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass by 14% and 41% respectively (both p < 0.001), and nitric oxide levels by 100% compared to control (p < 0.001), while reducing triglyceride (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.05), and increasing HDL (p < 0.001) compared to control, and compared to L-theanine, alpha-GPC, and taurine. Results from this initial investigation indicate that, when compared to the control, L-theanine, alpha-GPC, and taurine, paraxanthine is an effective ingredient for various aspects of sports performance and may enhance cardiovascular health.
Reference: Nutrients. 2022 Feb 20;14(4):893. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35215543/
|
Solvent |
mg/mL |
mM |
| Solubility |
| DMF |
10.0 |
53.70 |
| DMSO |
10.0 |
53.70 |
| Ethanol |
1.0 |
5.37 |
| PBS (pH 7.2) |
1.0 |
5.37 |
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.
Preparing Stock Solutions
The following data is based on the
product
molecular weight
186.20
Batch specific molecular weights may vary
from batch to batch
due to the degree of hydration, which will
affect the solvent
volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
| Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass |
1 mg |
5 mg |
10 mg |
| 1 mM |
1.15 mL |
5.76 mL |
11.51 mL |
| 5 mM |
0.23 mL |
1.15 mL |
2.3 mL |
| 10 mM |
0.12 mL |
0.58 mL |
1.15 mL |
| 50 mM |
0.02 mL |
0.12 mL |
0.23 mL |
Formulation protocol:
1. Matsumura N, Kinoshita C, Bhadhprasit W, Nakaki T, Aoyama K. A purine derivative, paraxanthine, promotes cysteine uptake for glutathione synthesis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Jan;151(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.11.001. Epub 2022 Nov 5. PMID: 36522121.
2. Hawke TJ, Allen DG, Lindinger MI. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, dose dependently increases [Ca(2+)](i) in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Dec;89(6):2312-7. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2312. PMID: 11090584.
3. Jäger R, Purpura M, Wells SD, Liao K, Godavarthi A. Paraxanthine Supplementation Increases Muscle Mass, Strength, and Endurance in Mice. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 20;14(4):893. doi: 10.3390/nu14040893. PMID: 35215543; PMCID: PMC8875973.
In vitro protocol:
1. Matsumura N, Kinoshita C, Bhadhprasit W, Nakaki T, Aoyama K. A purine derivative, paraxanthine, promotes cysteine uptake for glutathione synthesis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Jan;151(1):37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.11.001. Epub 2022 Nov 5. PMID: 36522121.
2. Hawke TJ, Allen DG, Lindinger MI. Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, dose dependently increases [Ca(2+)](i) in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Dec;89(6):2312-7. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2312. PMID: 11090584.
In vivo protocol:
1. Jäger R, Purpura M, Wells SD, Liao K, Godavarthi A. Paraxanthine Supplementation Increases Muscle Mass, Strength, and Endurance in Mice. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 20;14(4):893. doi: 10.3390/nu14040893. PMID: 35215543; PMCID: PMC8875973.
Randerath, I., Schettgen, T., Müller, J. P., Rengelshausen, J., Ziegler, S., Quinete, N., ... & Ziegler, P. (2024). Metabolic activation of WHO-congeners PCB28, 52, and 101 by human CYP2A6: evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Archives of Toxicology, 1-15.
Hillebrand, O., Nödler, K., Licha, T., Sauter, M., & Geyer, T. (2014). Identification of the. Fate of organic micropollutants in a karst aquifer system–Implications for sustainable raw water management, 49.
