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MedKoo Cat#: 330160 | Name: Gramicidin
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Gramicidin is a combination of six different antimicrobial polypeptides (from Bacillus aneurinolyticus (Bacillus brevis)).

Chemical Structure

Gramicidin
Gramicidin
CAS#1405-97-6

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 330160

Name: Gramicidin

CAS#: 1405-97-6

Chemical Formula:

Exact Mass: 0.0000

Molecular Weight: 0.00

Elemental Analysis:

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
100mg USD 250.00 2 Weeks
500mg USD 450.00 2 Weeks
1g USD 750.00 2 Weeks
2g USD 1,250.00 2 Weeks
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Related CAS #
No Data
Synonym
Gramicidin;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
A mixture of Gramicidin isomers A, B, C, and D.
InChi Key
InChi Code
SMILES Code
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>95% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>3 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.03.00
More Info
Gramicidin is active against Gram-positive bacteria, except for the Gram-positive bacilli, and against select Gram-negative organisms, such as Neisseria bacteria. Its therapeutic use is limited to topical application, as it induces hemolysis in lower concentrations than bacteria cell death, so it cannot be administered internally. Since the exterior epidermis is composed of dead cells, applying it to the surface of the skin will not cause harm. It is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is one of the three constituents of consumer antibiotic polysporin ophthalmic solution.
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Gramicidin is an antimicrobial peptide assembling as channels in membranes and increasing their permeability towards cations.
In vitro activity:
As shown in Fig. 1b, c, the percent of living cells decreased significantly upon gramicidin treatment and gramicidin inhibited the proliferation of two different kinds of gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Reference: Biol Res. 2019 Nov 25;52(1):57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31767027/
In vivo activity:
TBD
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
DMSO 100.0 53.13
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 0.00 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Chen T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Yu K, Cao X, Su F, Xu H, Peng Y, Hu Y, Qian F, Wang Z. Gramicidin inhibits human gastric cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Biol Res. 2019 Nov 25;52(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s40659-019-0264-1. PMID: 31767027; PMCID: PMC6878685.
In vitro protocol:
1. Chen T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Yu K, Cao X, Su F, Xu H, Peng Y, Hu Y, Qian F, Wang Z. Gramicidin inhibits human gastric cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Biol Res. 2019 Nov 25;52(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s40659-019-0264-1. PMID: 31767027; PMCID: PMC6878685.
In vivo protocol:
TBD
1: Pavithrra G, Rajasekaran R. Identification of Effective Dimeric Gramicidin-D Peptide as Antimicrobial Therapeutics over Drug Resistance: In-Silico Approach. Interdiscip Sci. 2018 Sep 4. doi: 10.1007/s12539-018-0304-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30182355. 2: Kondrashov OV, Galimzyanov TR, Pavlov KV, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN, Akimov SA. Membrane Elastic Deformations Modulate Gramicidin A Transbilayer Dimerization and Lateral Clustering. Biophys J. 2018 Aug 7;115(3):478-493. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.004. Epub 2018 Jul 11. PubMed PMID: 30049405; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6084527. 3: Firsov AM, Pogozheva ID, Kovalchuk SI, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Effect of Site-Specific Intermolecular Lysine-Tryptophan Interactions on the Aggregation of Gramicidin-Based Peptides Leading to Pore Formation in Lipid Membranes. J Membr Biol. 2018 Jul 11. doi: 10.1007/s00232-018-0040-0. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29995247. 4: Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Kovalchuk SI, Kotova ЕА, Sorochkina AI, Antonenko YN. Role of mitochondrial outer membrane in the uncoupling activity of N-terminally glutamate-substituted gramicidin A. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2018 Jun 22. pii: S0005-2736(18)30187-1. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.06.013. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29940153. 5: Azar E, Constantin D, Warschawski DE. The effect of gramicidin inclusions on the local order of membrane components. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter. 2018 Mar 28;41(3):44. doi: 10.1140/epje/i2018-11644-5. PubMed PMID: 29582214. 6: Wan Y, Stanovych A, Gori D, Zirah S, Kouklovsky C, Alezra V. β,γ-diamino acids as building blocks for new analogues of Gramicidin S: Synthesis and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem. 2018 Apr 10;149:122-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.053. Epub 2018 Feb 21. PubMed PMID: 29499484. 7: Kim YH, Hang L, Cifelli JL, Sept D, Mayer M, Yang J. Frequency-Based Analysis of Gramicidin A Nanopores Enabling Detection of Small Molecules with Picomolar Sensitivity. Anal Chem. 2018 Feb 6;90(3):1635-1642. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02961. Epub 2018 Jan 16. PubMed PMID: 29266927. 8: Xavier GRS, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. Cationic Biomimetic Particles of Polystyrene/Cationic Bilayer/Gramicidin for Optimal Bactericidal Activity. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2017 Dec 2;7(12). pii: E422. doi: 10.3390/nano7120422. PubMed PMID: 29207496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5746912. 9: Chen D, Qin W, Wen G, Shi B, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Quan J, Zhou B, Bu X. Dissociation of haemolytic and oligomer-preventing activities of gramicidin S derivatives targeting the amyloid-β N-terminus. Chem Commun (Camb). 2017 Dec 14;53(100):13340-13343. doi: 10.1039/c7cc08180d. PubMed PMID: 29188836. 10: Diamanti E, Gutiérrez-Pineda E, Politakos N, Andreozzi P, Rodriguez-Presa MJ, Knoll W, Azzaroni O, Gervasi CA, Moya SE. Gramicidin ion channels in a lipid bilayer supported on polyelectrolyte multilayer films: an electrochemical impedance study. Soft Matter. 2017 Dec 6;13(47):8922-8929. doi: 10.1039/c7sm01539a. PubMed PMID: 29143830. 11: Priem C, Wuttke A, Berditsch M, Ulrich AS, Geyer A. Scaling the Amphiphilic Character and Antimicrobial Activity of Gramicidin S by Dihydroxylation or Ketal Formation. J Org Chem. 2017 Dec 1;82(23):12366-12376. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02177. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PubMed PMID: 29077406. 12: Lum K, Ingólfsson HI, Koeppe RE 2nd, Andersen OS. Exchange of Gramicidin between Lipid Bilayers: Implications for the Mechanism of Channel Formation. Biophys J. 2017 Oct 17;113(8):1757-1767. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.049. PubMed PMID: 29045870; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5647621. 13: Beaven AH, Sodt AJ, Pastor RW, Koeppe RE 2nd, Andersen OS, Im W. Characterizing Residue-Bilayer Interactions Using Gramicidin A as a Scaffold and Tryptophan Substitutions as Probes. J Chem Theory Comput. 2017 Oct 10;13(10):5054-5064. doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00400. Epub 2017 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 28870079; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5634937. 14: Rautenbach M, Vlok NM, Eyéghé-Bickong HA, van der Merwe MJ, Stander MA. An Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study on the "In Vacuo" Hetero-Oligomers Formed by the Antimicrobial Peptides, Surfactin and Gramicidin S. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2017 Aug;28(8):1623-1637. doi: 10.1007/s13361-017-1685-0. Epub 2017 May 30. PubMed PMID: 28560564. 15: Alenezi FN, Rekik I, Chenari Bouket A, Luptakova L, Weitz HJ, Rateb ME, Jaspars M, Woodward S, Belbahri L. Increased Biological Activity of Aneurinibacillus migulanus Strains Correlates with the Production of New Gramicidin Secondary Metabolites. Front Microbiol. 2017 Apr 7;8:517. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00517. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 28439259; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5383652. 16: Sodt AJ, Beaven AH, Andersen OS, Im W, Pastor RW. Gramicidin A Channel Formation Induces Local Lipid Redistribution II: A 3D Continuum Elastic Model. Biophys J. 2017 Mar 28;112(6):1198-1213. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.035. PubMed PMID: 28355547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5376118. 17: Beaven AH, Maer AM, Sodt AJ, Rui H, Pastor RW, Andersen OS, Im W. Gramicidin A Channel Formation Induces Local Lipid Redistribution I: Experiment and Simulation. Biophys J. 2017 Mar 28;112(6):1185-1197. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.028. PubMed PMID: 28355546; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5375002. 18: Berditsch M, Trapp M, Afonin S, Weber C, Misiewicz J, Turkson J, Ulrich AS. Antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S is accumulated in granules of producer cells for storage of bacterial phosphagens. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 15;7:44324. doi: 10.1038/srep44324. PubMed PMID: 28295017; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5353757. 19: Laskin J, Hu Q. Reactive Landing of Gramicidin S and Ubiquitin Ions onto Activated Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2017 Jul;28(7):1304-1312. doi: 10.1007/s13361-017-1614-2. Epub 2017 Mar 13. PubMed PMID: 28290125. 20: Hassan-Zadeh E, Hussain F, Huang J. Gramicidin Peptides Alter Global Lipid Compositions and Bilayer Thicknesses of Coexisting Liquid-Ordered and Liquid-Disordered Membrane Domains. Langmuir. 2017 Apr 4;33(13):3324-3332. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03688. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PubMed PMID: 28267920.