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MedKoo Cat#: 562829 | Name: Rhein
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Rhein is an anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoarthritic, anthraquinone, and anti-cancer agent. Rhein can significantly alleviate DSS-induced chronic colitis.

Chemical Structure

Rhein
Rhein
CAS#478-43-3

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 562829

Name: Rhein

CAS#: 478-43-3

Chemical Formula: C15H8O6

Exact Mass: 284.0321

Molecular Weight: 284.22

Elemental Analysis: C, 63.39; H, 2.84; O, 33.77

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
100mg USD 230.00
250mg USD 410.00
500mg USD 670.00
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Synonym
Rhein; Rhubarb Yellow; Monorhein; Rheic acid, Cassic acid;
IUPAC/Chemical Name
4,5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid
InChi Key
FCDLCPWAQCPTKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C15H8O6/c16-9-3-1-2-7-11(9)14(19)12-8(13(7)18)4-6(15(20)21)5-10(12)17/h1-5,16-17H,(H,20,21)
SMILES Code
O=C(C1=C2C=CC=C1O)C3=C(O)C=C(C(O)=O)C=C3C2=O
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Rhein induces cell cycle arrest at the S phase and inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells when used at concentrations of 40 and 100 µM, respectively. Rhein also inhibits proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435s breast cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. It reduces controlled cortical impact-induced decreases in catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and glutathione disulfide levels in the brain in a rat model of traumatic brain injury when administered at a dose of 12 mg/kg. Rhein (50 mg/kg per day) reduces increased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and amylase levels, as well as reduces pancreatic glandular atrophy and fibrosis, in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis induced by cerulein.
In vitro activity:
The results of this study indicate that rhein indirectly affects apoptosis of HeLa cells by inducing changes in the lysosomal compartment. Rhein in combination with autophagy inhibitors may be an effective form of anticancer therapy. Reference: J Cell Biochem. 2022 Sep;123(9):1506-1524. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35901236/
In vivo activity:
In a murine model, rhein alleviated periodontitis inflammation by downregulating the inflammatory index and promoted the osteogenic potential of PDL fibroblasts in a dosage-dependent manner. Rhein inhibited inflammation via curbing the activation of P65 but uprising the activities of Runx2 in PDL fibroblasts. These findings suggest that rhein could be a potential effective treatment for periodontitis. Reference: Oral Dis. 2023 Jan 11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36630585/
Solvent mg/mL mM
Solubility
DMSO 15.0 52.78
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 284.22 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Trybus W, Król T, Trybus E. Rhein induces changes in the lysosomal compartment of HeLa cells. J Cell Biochem. 2022 Sep;123(9):1506-1524. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30311. Epub 2022 Jul 28. PMID: 35901236. 2. Yao C, Wang F. Inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α-mediated autophagy enhances the in vitro antitumor activity of rhein in pancreatic cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2022 Dec;42(12):1937-1947. doi: 10.1002/jat.4365. Epub 2022 Jul 25. PMID: 35853845. 3. Huang X, Zhu L, Gong Y. Rhein induces bone regeneration via alleviating inflammation in murine periodontitis model. Oral Dis. 2023 Jan 11. doi: 10.1111/odi.14502. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36630585. 4. Liu S, Yin R, Yang Z, Wei F, Hu J. The effects of rhein on D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice: Results from gut microbiome-metabolomics and host transcriptome analysis. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 27;13:971409. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971409. PMID: 36389730; PMCID: PMC9648667.
In vitro protocol:
1. Trybus W, Król T, Trybus E. Rhein induces changes in the lysosomal compartment of HeLa cells. J Cell Biochem. 2022 Sep;123(9):1506-1524. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30311. Epub 2022 Jul 28. PMID: 35901236. 2. Yao C, Wang F. Inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α-mediated autophagy enhances the in vitro antitumor activity of rhein in pancreatic cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2022 Dec;42(12):1937-1947. doi: 10.1002/jat.4365. Epub 2022 Jul 25. PMID: 35853845.
In vivo protocol:
1. Huang X, Zhu L, Gong Y. Rhein induces bone regeneration via alleviating inflammation in murine periodontitis model. Oral Dis. 2023 Jan 11. doi: 10.1111/odi.14502. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36630585. 2. Liu S, Yin R, Yang Z, Wei F, Hu J. The effects of rhein on D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice: Results from gut microbiome-metabolomics and host transcriptome analysis. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 27;13:971409. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971409. PMID: 36389730; PMCID: PMC9648667.
1: Wu J, Wei Z, Cheng P, Qian C, Xu F, Yang Y, Wang A, Chen W, Sun Z, Lu Y. Rhein modulates host purine metabolism in intestine through gut microbiota and ameliorates experimental colitis. Theranostics. 2020 Aug 29;10(23):10665-10679. doi: 10.7150/thno.43528. PMID: 32929373; PMCID: PMC7482825. 2: Pei R, Jiang Y, Lei G, Chen J, Liu M, Liu S. Rhein Derivatives, A Promising Pivot? Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021;21(5):554-575. doi: 10.2174/1389557520666201109120855. PMID: 33167832. 3: Liu H, Zhang TA, Zhang WY, Huang SR, Hu Y, Sun J. Rhein attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of ferroptosis through NRF2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway. Exp Neurol. 2023 Nov;369:114541. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114541. Epub 2023 Sep 14. PMID: 37714424. 4: Dong L, Du H, Zhang M, Xu H, Pu X, Chen Q, Luo R, Hu Y, Wang Y, Tu H, Zhang J, Gao F. Anti-inflammatory effect of Rhein on ulcerative colitis via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota. Phytother Res. 2022 May;36(5):2081-2094. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7429. Epub 2022 Mar 1. PMID: 35229916. 5: Zhou Y, Gao C, Vong CT, Tao H, Li H, Wang S, Wang Y. Rhein regulates redox- mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in intestinal inflammation through macrophage-activated crosstalk. Br J Pharmacol. 2022 May;179(9):1978-1997. doi: 10.1111/bph.15773. Epub 2022 Jan 6. PMID: 34882785. 6: Xiao SL, Guan LJ, Jiang RF, Wang XG, Li X, Cai W. The Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Rhein and Aurantio-Obtusin. Curr Drug Metab. 2020;21(12):960-968. doi: 10.2174/1389200221666200719002128. PMID: 32682364. 7: Deng T, Du J, Yin Y, Cao B, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Yang M, Han J. Rhein for treating diabetes mellitus: A pharmacological and mechanistic overview. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jan 9;13:1106260. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1106260. PMID: 36699072; PMCID: PMC9868719. 8: Li X, Xiao C, Yuan J, Chen X, Li Q, Shen F. Rhein-attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury via targeting NFATc1/Trem2 axis. Inflamm Res. 2023 Jun;72(6):1237-1255. doi: 10.1007/s00011-023-01746-8. Epub 2023 May 22. PMID: 37212865; PMCID: PMC10201049. 9: Dan W, En Jing Z, Juan J, Yi Y, Yi Ling J. Rhein inhibits endometriosis by targeting microRNA-135. Acta Biochim Pol. 2022 Aug 31;69(3):593-597. doi: 10.18388/abp.2020_5935. PMID: 36044630. 10: Zhang D, Jin Q, Ni Y, Zhang J. Discovery of necrosis avidity of rhein and its applications in necrosis imaging. J Drug Target. 2020 Nov;28(9):904-912. doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2020.1759079. Epub 2020 Apr 30. PMID: 32314601. 11: Zhang Z, Peng S, Xu T, Liu J, Zhao L, Xu H, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Yang Z. Retinal Microenvironment-Protected Rhein-GFFYE Nanofibers Attenuate Retinal Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Regulating Microglial/Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Oct;10(30):e2302909. doi: 10.1002/advs.202302909. Epub 2023 Aug 31. PMID: 37653617; PMCID: PMC10602545. 12: Zhou YX, Xia W, Yue W, Peng C, Rahman K, Zhang H. Rhein: A Review of Pharmacological Activities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:578107. doi: 10.1155/2015/578107. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26185519; PMCID: PMC4491579. 13: Cheng L, Chen Q, Pi R, Chen J. A research update on the therapeutic potential of rhein and its derivatives. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 May 15;899:173908. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173908. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PMID: 33515540. 14: Xiong D, Hu W, Han X, Cai Y. Rhein Inhibited Ferroptosis and EMT to Attenuate Diabetic Nephropathy by Regulating the Rac1/NOX1/β-Catenin Axis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2023 May 25;28(5):100. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2805100. PMID: 37258467. 15: Folliero V, Dell'Annunziata F, Roscetto E, Amato A, Gasparro R, Zannella C, Casolaro V, De Filippis A, Catania MR, Franci G, Galdiero M. Rhein: A novel antibacterial compound against Streptococcus mutans infection. Microbiol Res. 2022 Aug;261:127062. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127062. Epub 2022 May 7. PMID: 35597077. 16: Lu W, Zhu H, Wu J, Liao S, Cheng G, Li X. Rhein attenuates angiotensin II- induced cardiac remodeling by modulating AMPK-FGF23 signaling. J Transl Med. 2022 Jul 6;20(1):305. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03482-9. PMID: 35794561; PMCID: PMC9258170. 17: Mao X, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Fu RJ, Zhang S, Tang YP. Potential Medicinal Value of Rhein for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin J Integr Med. 2023 Oct;29(10):951-960. doi: 10.1007/s11655-022-3591-y. Epub 2023 Jan 6. PMID: 36607584. 18: Song Z, Chen Y, Chang H, Guo Y, Gao Q, Wei Z, Gong L, Zhang G, Zheng Z. Rhein suppresses African swine fever virus replication in vitro via activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Virus Res. 2023 Dec;338:199238. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199238. Epub 2023 Oct 13. PMID: 37827302; PMCID: PMC10632772. 19: Wu C, Cao H, Zhou H, Sun L, Xue J, Li J, Bian Y, Sun R, Dong S, Liu P, Sun M. Research Progress on the Antitumor Effects of Rhein: Literature Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2017;17(12):1624-1632. doi: 10.2174/1871520615666150930112631. PMID: 26419468. 20: Li GM, Chen JR, Zhang HQ, Cao XY, Sun C, Peng F, Yin YP, Lin Z, Yu L, Chen Y, Tang YL, Xie XF, Peng C. Update on Pharmacological Activities, Security, and Pharmacokinetics of Rhein. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Aug 17;2021:4582412. doi: 10.1155/2021/4582412. PMID: 34457021; PMCID: PMC8387172.