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MedKoo Cat#: 584435 | Name: Phenibut
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Description:

WARNING: This product is for research use only, not for human or veterinary use.

Phenibut, a GABA analogue, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects, as well as nootropic effects.

Chemical Structure

Phenibut
Phenibut
CAS#1078-21-3

Theoretical Analysis

MedKoo Cat#: 584435

Name: Phenibut

CAS#: 1078-21-3

Chemical Formula: C10H13NO2

Exact Mass: 179.0946

Molecular Weight: 179.22

Elemental Analysis: C, 67.02; H, 7.31; N, 7.82; O, 17.85

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
100mg USD 450.00
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Synonym
Phenibut; Fenibut; Fenigam; Phenigam; Phenybut; PhGABA
IUPAC/Chemical Name
4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
InChi Key
DAFOCGYVTAOKAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C10H13NO2/c11-7-9(6-10(12)13)8-4-2-1-3-5-8/h1-5,9H,6-7,11H2,(H,12,13)
SMILES Code
O=C(O)CC(C1=CC=CC=C1)CN
Appearance
Solid powder
Purity
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Shipping Condition
Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.
Storage Condition
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).
Solubility
Soluble in DMSO
Shelf Life
>2 years if stored properly
Drug Formulation
This drug may be formulated in DMSO
Stock Solution Storage
0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
More Info
Product Data
Product Data
Instruction
View handling instruction
Biological target:
Phenibut, a GABA analogue, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects.
In vitro activity:
The present study compared the potency of F-phenibut, phenibut, and the GABAB agonist (±)-baclofen (baclofen) using in vitro patch-clamp recordings obtained from mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells slice preparations. These findings indicate that F-phenibut acted as a potent GABAB agonist. EC50 of outward current density evoked by the three GABAB agonists decreased in the following order: phenibut (1362 μM) > F-phenibut (23.3 μM) > baclofen (6.0 μM). Moreover, F-phenibut suppressed action potential generation in Purkinje cells. Reference: Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Oct 5;884:173437. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32735986/
In vivo activity:
The aim of the present study was to test the effects of R-phenibut on the motor, sensory and tactile functions and histological outcomes in rats following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). R-phenibut treatment at a dose of 50mg/kg significantly alleviated reduction of brain volume in damaged hemisphere in both f-MCAO and ET1-MCAO. In R-phenibut treated animals a trend of recovery of tactile and proprioceptive stimulation in the vibrissae-evoked forelimb-placing test was observed. After R-phenibut treatment at a dose of 50mg/kg statistically significant increase of BDNF and VEGF gene expression was found in damaged brain hemisphere. Reference: Pharmacol Res. 2016 Nov;113(Pt B):796-801. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26621244/
Solvent mg/mL mM comments
Solubility
DMSO 35.0 195.29
Note: There can be variations in solubility for the same chemical from different vendors or different batches from the same vendor. The following factors can affect the solubility of the same chemical: solvent used for crystallization, residual solvent content, polymorphism, salt versus free form, degree of hydration, solvent temperature. Please use the solubility data as a reference only. Warming and sonication will facilitate dissolving. Still have questions? Please contact our Technical Support scientists.

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 179.22 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
1. Irie T, Yamazaki D, Kikura-Hanajiri R. F-phenibut (β-(4-Fluorophenyl)-GABA), a potent GABAB receptor agonist, activates an outward-rectifying K+ current and suppresses the generation of action potentials in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Oct 5;884:173437. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173437. Epub 2020 Jul 28. PMID: 32735986. 2. Belozertseva I, Nagel J, Valastro B, Franke L, Danysz W. Optical isomers of phenibut inhibit [H(3)]-Gabapentin binding in vitro and show activity in animal models of chronic pain. Pharmacol Rep. 2016 Jun;68(3):550-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.004. Epub 2015 Dec 22. PMID: 26894962. 3. Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Volska K, Makarova E, Liepinsh E, Rizhanova K, Liepins V, Dambrova M. The neuroprotective effects of R-phenibut after focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Nov;113(Pt B):796-801. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.013. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26621244. 4. Zvejniece L, Vavers E, Svalbe B, Veinberg G, Rizhanova K, Liepins V, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. R-phenibut binds to the α2-δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels and exerts gabapentin-like anti-nociceptive effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Oct;137:23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.014. Epub 2015 Jul 31. PMID: 26234470.
In vitro protocol:
1. Irie T, Yamazaki D, Kikura-Hanajiri R. F-phenibut (β-(4-Fluorophenyl)-GABA), a potent GABAB receptor agonist, activates an outward-rectifying K+ current and suppresses the generation of action potentials in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Oct 5;884:173437. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173437. Epub 2020 Jul 28. PMID: 32735986. 2. Belozertseva I, Nagel J, Valastro B, Franke L, Danysz W. Optical isomers of phenibut inhibit [H(3)]-Gabapentin binding in vitro and show activity in animal models of chronic pain. Pharmacol Rep. 2016 Jun;68(3):550-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.004. Epub 2015 Dec 22. PMID: 26894962.
In vivo protocol:
1. Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Volska K, Makarova E, Liepinsh E, Rizhanova K, Liepins V, Dambrova M. The neuroprotective effects of R-phenibut after focal cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Nov;113(Pt B):796-801. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.013. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26621244. 2. Zvejniece L, Vavers E, Svalbe B, Veinberg G, Rizhanova K, Liepins V, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M. R-phenibut binds to the α2-δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels and exerts gabapentin-like anti-nociceptive effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Oct;137:23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.014. Epub 2015 Jul 31. PMID: 26234470.
1: Nadarajan D, O'Brien J, Cresswell S, Kele B, Mueller J, Bade R. Application of design of experiment for quantification of 71 new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Anal Chim Acta. 2024 Sep 8;1321:343036. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343036. Epub 2024 Jul 30. PMID: 39155095. 2: DiFiore E, Pittman J. A Case of Phenibut Withdrawal Management and Detoxification Using Baclofen in the Outpatient Setting. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2024 Jul 4;2024:8824770. doi: 10.1155/2024/8824770. PMID: 38993282; PMCID: PMC11239229. 3: Long T, Gollamudi S, Pai S; ACCP Public Policy Committee. ACCP Position Statement on Unregulated Psychotropic Products. J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Aug;64(8):905-907. doi: 10.1002/jcph.2485. Epub 2024 Jul 2. PMID: 38956868. 4: Penzak SR, Bulloch M. Backpedaling on Baclofen: Highlighting Concerns Surrounding Baclofen Use in Phenibut Withdrawal: Letter to the Editor Response. J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jun 4. doi: 10.1002/jcph.2480. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38831738. 5: Feldman R. Back Pedaling on Baclofen: Highlighting Concerns Surrounding Baclofen use in Phenibut Withdrawal. J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 May 16. doi: 10.1002/jcph.2463. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38752524. 6: Mohanlal S, Saha D, Pandey S, Acharya R, Sharma NK. Synthesis of R-GABA Derivatives via Pd(II) Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp3)-H Arylation and Virtual Validation with GABAB1 Receptor for Potential leads. Chem Asian J. 2024 Jun 3;19(11):e202400064. doi: 10.1002/asia.202400064. Epub 2024 May 6. PMID: 38497556. 7: Bade R, van Herwerden D, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Allen D, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Burgard D, Chappell A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Jaunay E, Krotulski A, Lai FY, Löve ASC, O'Brien JW, Oh JE, Pasin D, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Salgueiro- Gonzalez N, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Thomas KV, Thomaidis N, Wang D, Yargeau V, Samanipour S, Mueller J. Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater. J Hazard Mater. 2024 May 5;469:133955. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133955. Epub 2024 Mar 5. PMID: 38457976. 8: Bonnet U, Scherbaum N, Schaper A, Soyka M. Phenibutan-an Illegal Food Supplement With Psychotropic Effects and Health Risks. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2024 Apr 5;121(7):222-227. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0003. PMID: 38377332. 9: Akimova VD, Barsegyan SS, Pleteneva TV. Personifitsirovannyi kharakter toksicheskikh effektov na primere massovykh nesmertel'nykh otravlenii fenazepamom i drugimi psikhoaktivnymi veshchestvami [Personalized character of toxic effects through mass nonlethal poisoning by phenazepam and other psychoactive substances]. Sud Med Ekspert. 2024;67(1):47-55. Russian. doi: 10.17116/sudmed20246701147. PMID: 38353015. 10: Penzak SR, Bulloch M. Phenibut: Review and Pharmacologic Approaches to Treating Withdrawal. J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jun;64(6):652-671. doi: 10.1002/jcph.2414. Epub 2024 Feb 10. PMID: 38339875. 11: Jaunay EL, Bade R, Paxton KR, Nadarajan D, Barry DC, Zhai Y, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Mueller J, White JM, Simpson BS, Gerber C. Monitoring the use of novel psychoactive substances in Australia by wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 1;919:170473. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170473. Epub 2024 Jan 28. PMID: 38286292. 12: Dziadosz M, Rosenberger W, Bolte K, Klintschar M, Teske J. Phenibut screening and quantification with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to driving cases. J Forensic Sci. 2024 Mar;69(2):725-729. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15455. Epub 2023 Dec 26. PMID: 38146811. 13: Feldman R, Autry B, Dukes J, Lofy T, Marchetti G, Patt A, Batterman N, Theobald J. A systematic review of phenibut withdrawal focusing on complications, therapeutic approaches, and single substance versus polysubstance withdrawal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023 Nov;61(11):941-951. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2285702. Epub 2023 Dec 19. PMID: 38112312. 14: Martin R, Buffenstein I, Cho D, Kiyokawa M. Toxidrome of an Easily Obtainable Nootropic: A Case Report of Phenibut Intoxication and Withdrawal Delirium. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023 Nov-Dec 01;43(6):507-510. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001759. Epub 2023 Sep 12. PMID: 37930202. 15: Weleff J, Kovacevich A, Burson J, Nero N, Anand A. Clinical Presentations and Treatment of Phenibut Toxicity and Withdrawal: A Systematic Literature Review. J Addict Med. 2023 Jul-Aug 01;17(4):407-417. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001141. Epub 2023 Feb 3. PMID: 37579098. 16: Sahagian M, Mastrocco A, Prittie J. Phenibut toxicosis in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2023 Jul-Aug;33(4):472-476. doi: 10.1111/vec.13313. Epub 2023 Jul 12. PMID: 37436877. 17: Morris M, Espinosa J, Lucerna A, Lahr R. A case of phenibut withdrawal and treatment with baclofen. World J Emerg Med. 2023;14(4):338-340. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2023.059. PMID: 37425087; PMCID: PMC10323501. 18: Rianprakaisang TN, Moss MJ, Gerona R, Hendrickson RG. Plasma concentrations of phenibut and mitragynine in a single patient. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023 Jul;61(7):561-562. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2227996. Epub 2023 Jul 7. PMID: 37417309. 19: Jędrejko K, Catlin O, Stewart T, Anderson A, Muszyńska B, Catlin DH. Unauthorized ingredients in "nootropic" dietary supplements: A review of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, international regulations, and potential as doping agents. Drug Test Anal. 2023 Aug;15(8):803-839. doi: 10.1002/dta.3529. Epub 2023 Jun 25. PMID: 37357012. 20: Behmer Hansen RA, Behmer Hansen RT, Noureddine C, Behmer VA, Opler D. Reasons for use and experiences of using phenibut, a mixed methods analysis of online reports. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023 Jul 4;49(4):458-469. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2204510. Epub 2023 May 15. PMID: 37184879.